424B3

This prospectus supplement no. 2 (this “prospectus supplement”) amends and supplements the prospectus dated August 23, 2021 (as supplemented or amended from time to time, the “Prospectus”) which forms a part of our Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration Statement No. 333-258775). This prospectus supplement is being filed to update and supplement the information included or incorporated by reference in the Prospectus with the information contained in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on November 15, 2021 (the “Form 10-Q”). Accordingly, we have attached the Form 10-Q to this prospectus supplement.

This prospectus supplement updates and supplements the information in the Prospectus and is not complete without, and may not be delivered or utilized except in combination with, the Prospectus, including any amendments or supplements thereto. This prospectus supplement should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus and if there is any inconsistency between the information in the Prospectus and this prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement.

Our common stock and warrants are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols “MKFG” and “MKFG WS”, respectively. On November 12, 2021, the closing price of our common stock was $7.32 per share and the closing price of our warrants was $1.49 per share.

Investing in our securities involves risks that are described in the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 15 of the Prospectus.

Neither the SEC nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be issued under the Prospectus or determined if the Prospectus or this prospectus supplement is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☒ No ☐

As of November 15, 2021, the registrant had 185,851,079 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

The risk factors detailed in Item 1A entitled “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are the risks that we believe are material to our investors and a reader should carefully consider them. Those risks are not all of the risks we face and other factors not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also affect our business if they occur. The following is a summary of the risk factors detailed in Item 1A:



We have a history of net losses and may not be able to achieve profitability for any period in the future or sustain cash flow from operating activities. We have a relatively limited operating history and have experienced rapid growth, which makes evaluating our current business and future prospects difficult and may increase the risk of your investment. Our operating results may fluctuate significantly from period-to-period.



The additive manufacturing industry in which we operate is characterized by rapid technological change, which requires us to continue to develop new products and innovations to meet constantly evolving customer demands and which could adversely affect market adoption of our products.



A pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of an infectious disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, may materially and adversely affect our business and our financial results and could cause a disruption to the development of our products. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a material on-going disruption to our business beginning in the second quarter of 2020 and the COVID-19 related supply chain disruptions have adversely impacted our business in the second half of 2021.



We depend heavily on third-party suppliers. If they or their facilities become unavailable or inadequate, our business could be adversely affected. We may experience significant delays in the design, production and launch of our additive manufacturing solutions and enhancements to existing products, and we may be unable to successfully commercialize products on our planned timelines.



We rely on a limited number of third-party logistics providers for distribution of our products, and their failure to effectively distribute our products, including because of delays and disruptions caused by current conditions in global shipping capacity would adversely affect our sales.



We may be unable to consistently manufacture our products to the necessary specifications or in quantities necessary to meet demand at an acceptable cost or at an acceptable performance level. As manufacturing becomes a larger part of our operations, we will become exposed to accompanying risks and liabilities. We depend on a limited number of third-party contract manufacturers for a substantial portion of our manufacturing needs and we depend on a number of suppliers for other parts and components; in the second half of 2021, we have increasingly experienced, and expect to continue to experience, price increases, supply shortages and delays and any such delay, disruption or quality control problems in their operations, including due to the COVID-19 pandemic, could cause harm to our operations, including loss of market share, reduced margins and damage to our brand.



We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, rapid growth and organizational change since our inception. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service and customer satisfaction or attract new employees and customers.



Our existing and planned global operations subject us to a variety of risks and uncertainties that could adversely affect our business and operating results. Our business is subject to risks associated with selling machines and other products in non-United States locations. Global economic, political and social conditions and uncertainties in the market that we serve may adversely impact our business.



A significant portion of our business depends on sales to the public sector, and our failure to receive and maintain government contracts or changes in the contracting or fiscal policies of the public sector could have a material adverse effect on our business.



We are, and have been in the recent past, subject to business and intellectual property litigation. We could be subject to personal injury, property damage, product liability, warranty and other claims involving allegedly defective products that we supply. We could face liability if our additive manufacturing solutions are used by our customers to print dangerous objects.



If we are unable to adequately protect our proprietary technology or obtain and maintain patent protection for our technology and products or if the scope of the patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize technology and products similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be impaired.



We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, which may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations.

On July 14, 2021, we consummated the merger (the "Merger") contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 23, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among one, a Cayman Islands exempted company limited by shares (“one”), Caspian Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of one (“Merger Sub”), and MarkForged, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Markforged”). As a result of the Merger, Legacy Markforged merged with and into Merger Sub with Legacy Markforged surviving as our wholly-owned subsidiary and, following one’s filing of a notice of deregistration and necessary accompanying documents with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies, and a certificate of incorporation and a certificate of corporate domestication with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, under which one was domesticated, one changed its name to “Markforged Holding Corporation.”

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains statements that are forward-looking and as such are not historical facts. This includes, without limitation, statements regarding the financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for our future operations of Markforged Holding Corporation. These statements constitute projections, forecasts and forward-looking statements, and are not guarantees of performance. Such statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. When used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “continue”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “might”, “plan”, “possible”, “potential”, “predict”, “project”, “should”, “strive”, “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, for example, statements about:

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to the “Company” and “Markforged” refer to the consolidated operations of Markforged Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries. References to “AONE” refer to the company prior to the consummation of the Merger and references to “Legacy Markforged” refer to MarkForged, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the consummation of the Merger.

Legacy Markforged was founded in 2013 to transform the manufacturing industry with high strength, cost effective parts using additive manufacturing. Markforged produces and sells 3D printers, materials, software, and other related services worldwide to customers who can build parts strong enough for the factory floor with significantly reduced lead time and cost. The printers print in plastic, nylon, metal, and the parts can be reinforced with carbon fiber for industry leading strength at an affordable price point.

On February 23, 2021, one, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“AONE”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Caspian Merger Sub Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of AONE (“Merger Sub”), and Legacy Markforged, pursuant to which (i) AONE would deregister as a Cayman Islands company and domesticate as a corporation in the State of Delaware and would be renamed “Markforged Holding Corporation” (the “Domestication”) and (ii) Merger Sub would merge with and into Legacy Markforged with Legacy Markforged surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Markforged Holding Corporation (the “Merger”). AONE's shareholders approved the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement on July 13, 2021, and the Domestication and the Merger were completed on July 14, 2021 (the "Closing").

Cash proceeds of the merger were funded through a combination of AONE’s $132.5 million of cash held in trust (after redemptions of $64.2 million) and an aggregate of $210.0 million in fully committed common stock transactions at $10.00 per share. Immediately prior to the Closing, Legacy Markforged repurchased shares of common stock from certain of its stockholders, for a total value of $45.0 million, referred to as the “Employee Transactions”. Total net proceeds upon Closing, net of the Employee Transactions and transaction costs paid at Closing of $27.1 million, were $288.8 million.

COVID-19 has had an impact on the Company’s results, since the second quarter of 2020, and the Company is unable to predict the ultimate impact that the virus may have on the business, future results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Further, the COVID-19 impact on the Company is largely dependent on future developments and subsequent government responses. The Company identified potential risks to the business to include certain accounting estimates around its supply chain, accounts receivable, inventory and related reserves, and long-lived assets. As of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, these risks were assessed and had no material impact on the realizability of accounts receivables, inventories, long- lived assets or the related estimates used in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements. There may be changes to those estimates in future periods, and actual results could differ from those estimates.

The Company has funded its operations to date primarily through the sale of convertible preferred stock, the proceeds from the Merger, including the sale of common stock, and the sale of its products. Management believes that existing cash will be sufficient to fund operating and capital expenditure requirements through at least one year after the date these condensed consolidated financial statements are available to be issued. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis which assumes that the Company will continue as a going concern and contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business.

Immediately prior to the Closing the following transactions occurred (prior to the Exchange Ratio discussed below):

At the Closing, eligible Legacy Markforged equity holders received or had the right to receive shares of the Company's Common Stock, par value $0.0001 ("Common Stock") at a deemed value of $10.00 per share after giving effect to the exchange ratio of approximately 0.9522514 as defined in the Merger Agreement (the “Exchange Ratio”). Accordingly, immediately following the consummation of the Merger, Legacy Markforged common stock (after giving effect to the conversion of convertible preferred stock to Legacy Markforged common stock and the impact of the Employee Transactions) exchanged into 143,795,504 shares of Common Stock, 18,434,577 shares were reserved for the issuance of Common Stock upon the potential future exercise of Legacy Markforged stock options that were exchanged into Markforged stock options, and 24,065,423 shares of Common Stock were reserved for the potential future issuance of stock options and restricted stock units and 16,066,667 shares of Common Stock and restricted stock units were reserved for the potential future issuance upon achievement of certain earnout conditions described in the Merger Agreement.

In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, AONE entered into separate subscription agreements (each a “Subscription Agreement”) with a number of investors (each a “New PIPE Investor”), pursuant to which the New PIPE Investors agreed to purchase, and AONE agreed to sell to the New PIPE Investors, an aggregate of 21,000,000 shares (“PIPE Shares”), of the Common Stock for a purchase price of $10.00 per share and an aggregate purchase price of $210.0 million, in a private placement pursuant to the subscription agreements (the “PIPE Financing”). The PIPE Financing closed simultaneously with the consummation of the Merger.

In connection with the Closing, and under the terms of the Sponsor Support Agreement entered into in connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement, 2,610,000 shares of the 5,220,000 shares of Common Stock held by the Sponsor after giving effect to the Domestication became subject to vesting conditions based on the achievement of certain market-based share price thresholds. These shares will be forfeited if certain price thresholds are not reached by the end of the five year period following the Closing. The Sponsor Earnout Shares will immediately vest in the event of a change of control or a liquidation of Markforged during the five year period following the Closing. As the Earnout Triggering Events have not yet been achieved, these issued and outstanding Sponsor Earnout Shares are treated as contingently recallable.

The number of shares of Common Stock issued immediately following the consummation of the Merger was as follows:

The Merger is accounted for as a reverse recapitalization under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("'GAAP"). This determination is primarily based on Legacy Markforged stockholders comprising a relative majority of the voting power of Markforged and having the ability to nominate the members of the Board, Legacy Markforged’s operations prior to the acquisition comprising the only ongoing operations of Markforged, and Legacy Markforged’s senior management comprising a majority of the senior management of Markforged. Under this method of accounting, AONE is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of Markforged represent a continuation of the financial statements of Legacy Markforged with the Merger being treated as the equivalent of Markforged issuing stock for the net assets of AONE, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of AONE are stated at historical costs, with no goodwill or other

intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Merger are presented as those of Markforged. All periods prior to the Merger have been retrospectively adjusted using the Exchange Ratio for the equivalent number of shares outstanding immediately after the Merger to effect the reverse recapitalization. Additionally, upon the consummation of the Merger, the Company issued 41,456,333 shares of Common Stock for the previously issued AONE common stock and PIPE Shares that were outstanding at the Closing Date.

In connection with the Merger, the Company raised $360.9 million of proceeds including the contribution of $215.1 million of cash held in AONE’s trust account from its initial public offering, net of redemptions of AONE public stockholders of $64.2 million, and $210.0 million of cash in connection with the PIPE financing. The Company incurred $34.5 million of transaction costs, consisting of banking, legal, and other professional fees, of which $18.5 million were incurred by AONE and paid from AONE's trust account at closing and $16.0 million incurred by Legacy Markforged. Of the total transaction costs, $2.0 million was recognized as an expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as part of general and administrative expenses and the balance was a reduction to additional paid-in capital.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31 and, unless otherwise stated, all years and dates refer to the fiscal year.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP regarding interim financial reporting and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included in the audited consolidated financial statements of Legacy Markforged for the year ended December 31, 2020. Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2021 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2021 and results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 are also unaudited. The condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2020, was derived from audited annual financial statements but does not contain all of the footnote disclosures from the annual financial statements. Other than policies noted below, there have been no significant changes to the significant accounting policies disclosed in Note 2 of the audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021, any other interim periods, or any future year or period. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited annual consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. Dollar, while the functional currencies of its foreign subsidiaries are their respective local currencies. The effect of foreign currency translation was immaterial for all periods presented.

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and

liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management’s significant estimates include allowance for doubtful accounts, reserve for excess and obsolete inventory, fair value of the contingent earnout liability, fair value of earnout share awards, fair value of the private placement warrant liability, and assumptions in revenue recognition. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. An allowance for doubtful accounts is provided for those accounts receivable considered to be uncollectible based on management’s assessment of the collectability of the accounts receivable which considers historical write-off experience and any specific risks identified in customer collection matters.

The following presents the changes in the balance of the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts:

The Company is required to provide information according to the fair value hierarchy based on the observability of the inputs used in the valuation techniques. The fair value hierarchy ranks the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value will be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation:

The Company remeasures its Common Stock Warrants (as defined below) and Private Placement Warrants (as defined below) at fair value at each reporting period using Level 3 inputs via the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and Binomial Lattice Model, respectively. The valuation of the earnout shares is based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The significant assumptions used in preparing the above models are disclosed in Note 12 Stock Warrants and Note 11 Earnout. All Silicon Valley Bank ("SVB") warrants were exercised in June 2021. There were no transfers between levels during the periods presented.

At December 31, 2020, the fair value of the Company’s debt using Level 2 inputs was approximately $4.7 million calculated using a discounted cash flow method. All debt was paid off in January 2021 as disclosed in Note 8 Borrowings.

Financial instruments which potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents held on deposit at one financial institution and accounts receivable. The Company does not require collateral from customers for amounts owed. At September 30, 2021, one customer represented 14% of the accounts receivable balance and at December 31, 2020, no one customer represented greater than 10% of the accounts receivable balance. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, one customer represented 14% of the total revenue, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 no one customer represented more than 10% of total revenue. For the three months ended September 30, 2020, one customer represented 11% of the total revenue, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, no one customer represented more than 10% of total revenue. Historically, the Company has not experienced any significant credit loss related to any individual customer.

The Company evaluates whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate that the estimated remaining useful life of its long-lived assets may warrant reassessment or that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. When a triggering event is identified, management assesses the recoverability of the asset group, which is the lowest level where identifiable cash flows are largely independent, by comparing the expected undiscounted cash flows of the asset group to the carrying value. When the carrying value is not recoverable and an impairment is determined to exist, the asset group is written down to fair value. The Company did not identify any triggering events or record any impairment during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

Advertising costs, a component of sales and marketing expenses, were $1.9 million and $5.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, compared to $0.6 million and $2.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Substantially all of the Company’s hardware products are covered by a standard assurance warranty of one year. In the event of a failure of a product covered by this warranty, the Company may repair or replace the product, at its option. The Company’s warranty reserve reflects estimated material and labor costs for potential or actual product issues for which the Company expects to incur an obligation. The Company periodically assesses the appropriateness of the warranty reserve and adjusts the amount as necessary. If the data used to calculate the appropriateness of the warranty reserve are not indicative of future requirements, additional or reduced warranty reserves may be necessary.

Warranty reserves are included within accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents changes in the balance of the Company’s warranty reserve:

Warranty reserve is recorded through cost of revenue in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The Company determines its chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) based on the person responsible for making resource allocation decisions. Operating segments are components of the business for which the CODM regularly reviews discrete financial information. The Company manages its operations as a single segment for the purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions.

The Company assumed 5,374,984 publicly-traded warrants (“Public Warrants”) and 3,150,000 private placement warrants originally issued to AONE (“Private Placement Warrants” and, together with the Public Warrants, the “Common Stock Warrants”) upon the Merger, all of which were issued in connection with AONE’s initial public offering and subsequent overallotment and entitle the holder to purchase one share of the Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The Common Stock Warrants became exercisable the later of 30 days after the Company completed the Merger or 12 months from the closing of AONE’s initial public offering, but can be terminated on the earlier of 5 years after the Merger, liquidation of the Company, or the Redemption Date as determined by the Company. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, no Public Warrants or Private Placement Warrants were exercised. The Public Warrants are publicly traded and are exercisable for cash unless certain conditions occur which would permit a cashless exercise, such as the failure to have an effective registration statement related to the shares issuable upon exercise or redemption by the Company under certain conditions. The Private Placement Warrants are not redeemable for cash so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees but may be redeemable for common stock if certain other conditions are met. If the Private Placement Warrants are held by someone other than the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees, the Private Placement Warrants are redeemable by the Company and exercisable by such holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

The Company evaluated the Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants and concluded that the Private Placement Warrants do not meet the criteria to be classified within stockholders’ equity. The agreement governing the Common Stock Warrants includes a provision that, if applied, could result in a different settlement value for the Private Placement Warrants depending on their holder. Because the holder of an instrument is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on the Company’s ordinary shares, the Private Placement Warrants are not considered to be “indexed to the Company’s own stock.” As the Private Placement Warrants meet the definition of a derivative, the Company recorded these warrants as liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with subsequent changes in their respective fair values recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) at each reporting date as part of change in fair value of derivative liabilities, as described in Note 12. The provisions referenced above are not applicable to the Public Warrants which do not have differing settlement provisions based on the warrant holder. The Public Warrants are not precluded from being considered indexed to the Company’s stock and were recognized at fair value in stockholders’ equity on the closing of the Merger.

In connection with the Reverse Recapitalization and pursuant to the Merger Agreement, A-Star, the sponsor of AONE (the "Sponsor") surrendered 2,610,000 shares ("Sponsor Earnout Shares") and eligible Markforged equity holders were entitled to receive as additional merger consideration 14,666,667 shares of the Company’s Common Stock ("Markforged Earnout Shares") upon the Company achieving certain Earnout Triggering Events (as described in the Merger Agreement and Note 11). The contingent obligations to issue Markforged Earnout Shares in respect of Markforged common stock and release from lock-up Sponsor Earnout Shares, are accounted for as liability classified instruments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 815-40, as the Earnout Triggering Events that determine the number of Sponsor and Markforged Earnout Shares required to be released or issued, as the case may be, include events that are not solely indexed to the fair value of common stock of Markforged. The liability was

recognized at the reverse recapitalization date and is subsequently remeasured at each reporting date with changes in fair value recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Markforged Earnout Shares issuable to employees with vested equity awards and Earnout RSUs (as described in the Merger Agreement) issuable to employees with unvested equity awards are considered a separate unit of account from the Markforged Earnout Shares issuable in respect of Markforged common stock and are accounted for as equity classified stock compensation. The Earnout Shares issuable to employees with vested equity awards are fully vested upon issuance, thus there is no requisite service period and the value of these shares is recognized as a one-time stock compensation expense for the grant date fair value. Earnout RSUs are contingent upon an employee completing a service vesting condition, and as such, reflect a transaction in which the Company acquires employee services by offering to issue its shares, the amount of which is based in part on the Company’s share price. Expense related to Earnout RSUs is recognized using graded vesting over the requisite service period for the Earnout RSUs.

The estimated fair values of the Sponsor Earnout Shares, Markforged Earnout Shares, and Earnout RSUs were determined by using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over the five-year Earnout Period as defined in Note 11. The preliminary estimated fair values of Sponsor Earnout Shares, Markforged Earnout Shares, and Earnout RSUs were determined using the most reliable information available, including the current Company Common Stock price, expected volatility, risk-free rate, expected term and dividend rate.

The contingent earnout liability is categorized as a Level 3 fair value measurement (see Fair Value of Financial Instruments accounting policy as described above) because the Company estimated projections during the Earnout Period utilizing unobservable inputs. Contingent earnout payments involve certain assumptions requiring significant judgment and actual results can differ from assumed and estimated amounts.

The Company is provided the option to adopt new or revised accounting guidance as an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“the JOBS Act”) either (1) within the same periods as those otherwise applicable to public business entities, or (2) within the same time periods as private companies, including early adoption when permissible. With the exception of standards the Company elected to early adopt, when permissible, the Company has elected to adopt new or revised accounting guidance within the same time period as private companies.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other — Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) (“ASU 2018-15”), which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred where the entity is the customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with those of developing or obtaining internal-use software. These changes become effective for the Company for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2021 and interim periods beginning on January 1, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard on January 1, 2021 did not have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) — Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by eliminating some exceptions to the general approach in Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes. It also clarifies certain aspects of the existing guidance to promote more consistent application. As a result of the ASU, accounting for changes in tax law and year-to-date losses in interim periods will be simplified. These changes became effective for the Company for the fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires immediate recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets carried at amortized cost, including trade and other receivables, loans and commitments, held-to-maturity debt securities and other financial assets, held at the reporting date to be measured based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable supportable forecasts. The new credit loss model does not have a minimum threshold for recognition of impairment losses and entities will need to measure expected credit losses on assets that have a low risk of loss. These changes become effective for the Company on January 1, 2023. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which improves transparency and comparability among companies by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and by disclosing key

information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than twelve months. The new standard also requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases. This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. These changes become effective for the Company for the fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2022 and interim periods beginning on January 1, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company previously disclosed that it would adopt ASU 2016-02 for its 2021 fiscal year, the Company has reevaluated the planned adoption date and has determined it will adopt ASU 2016-02 for its 2022 fiscal year. Although the Company is currently evaluating the method of adoption of this guidance and the impact that the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements, it expects changes to its balance sheet due to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to its leases.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized $1.3 million and $4.2 million of revenue, respectively, from the deferred revenue account balance as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recognized $1.3 million and $1.5 million of revenue, respectively, from the deferred revenue account balance as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Deferred revenue is expected to be recognized when the Company provides hardware maintenance services or contractual performance obligations for which the customer has already provided payment with $2.4 million expected to be recognized in the remainder of 2021, $3.8 million expected to be recognized in 2022, $1.7 million expected to be recognized in 2023, and $0.8 million thereafter.

The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue based on the nature of the products and services:

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, depreciation expense for property and equipment was $0.4 million and $1.3 million, respectively, compared to $0.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

The Company maintained reserves for obsolete inventory of $0.8 million and $0.8 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The impairment of obsolete inventories are recorded within cost of revenue in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

On April 10, 2020, the Company was granted a loan (the “Loan”) from a lending institution in the aggregate amount of $5.0 million, pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) under Division A, Title I of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), which was enacted March 27, 2020.

The Loan, which was in the form of a note dated April 21, 2020, was scheduled to mature on April 21, 2022 and bore interest at a rate of 1% per annum, payable monthly commencing on November 22, 2020. The terms of the note permitted prepayment by the borrower at any time prior to maturity with no prepayment penalties. The Company paid off the loan in full in January 2021.

Note 9. Convertible Preferred Stock, Common Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

As a result of the Merger, the convertible preferred stock was converted into Legacy Markforged common stock and recapitalized into Common Stock. There was no convertible preferred stock outstanding as of September 30, 2021. The following table summarizes details of convertible preferred stock authorized, issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020. The Company has retroactively adjusted the shares issued and outstanding prior to July 14, 2021 to give effect to the Exchange Ratio to determine the number of shares of common stock into which they were converted:

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger, the Company repurchased 4,499,998 shares of Legacy Markforged common stock from three employees for $10.00 per share. The value of the repurchase was recorded as a reduction of additional paid-in capital.

During the year ended December 31, 2020 the Company repurchased common stock from an employee. Concurrent to the repurchase, the Company was contractually obligated to repurchase an additional 250,471 shares of common stock from this employee for $4.52 per share in 2021, subject to certain conditions. This obligation was waived by the parties in April 2021.

Management determined the fair value of Legacy Markforged common stock prior to the merger using the methodology described in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, adjusting for changes in inputs based on material information known at the time of a repurchase transaction such as estimated timing to exit events and respective probabilities of such events occurring.

The Company has reserved the following shares of common stock for future issuance:

On July 13, 2021, the Company’s stockholders approved the Markforged Holding Corporation 2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (“2021 Plan”) and the Markforged Holding Corporation 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2021 ESPP”). As of September 30, 2021, 22,088,566 and 4,700,000 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the 2021 Plan and 2021 ESPP, respectively.

Under the 2021 Plan, the Company can grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), unrestricted stock awards, cash-based awards, and dividend equivalent rights. The 2021 Plan provides that an additional number of shares of common stock will automatically be added to the shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan on January 1 of each year. The number of shares of common stock added each year will be equal to (i) 5% of the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on the immediately preceding December 31 or (ii) such lesser amount as determined by the Company’s Board of Directors.

The 2021 ESPP allows eligible employees to authorize payroll deductions between 1% and 15% of the base salary or wages, up to $25,000 annually, to be applied toward the purchase of shares of the Company’s common stock occurring at offering periods determined by the Company. At each offering period, the eligible employee will have the option to acquire common stock at a discount of up to 15% of the lesser of the Company’s common stock on (i) the first trading day of the offering period or (ii) the last day of the offering period. The offering periods under the 2021 ESPP are not to exceed 27 months between periods. On January 1 of each subsequent year under the plan, the number of shares available for issuance under the plan will be increased by the lesser of (i) 4,700,000 shares of common stock, (ii) one percent of the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31 of the immediately preceding year, or (iii) number of shares of common stock determined by the Company. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 the Company did not recognize stock compensation expense related to the 2021 ESPP as there were no grants under the 2021 ESPP.

Legacy Markforged's 2013 Stock Plan (the “2013 Plan”) was terminated at the Closing and no further awards will be granted thereunder. The 2013 Plan was terminated at Closing and all outstanding awards became outstanding under the 2021 Plan. Option activity under the plan for the year to date period ending September 30, 2021 is as follows:

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding at September 30, 2021 was $132.2 million. As of September 30, 2021, the Company had 15,950,824 options vested and expected to vest.

In the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company did not grant any options to purchase shares of Common Stock. In the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted options to purchase 1,085,300 shares of Legacy Markforged common stock with aggregate fair values of $1.2 million, calculated via the Black-Scholes option pricing model (see Note 3) using the following assumptions:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company awarded RSUs to newly hired employees and continuing employees. The fair value per share of these awards was determined based on the fair market value of our stock on the date of the grant and is being recognized as stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service period. The following table summarizes the RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2021:

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized the following stock-based compensation expense, excluding compensation related to the Earnout discussed below, in the following captions within the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss):

Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based awards outstanding was $21.8 million at September 30, 2021, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.25 years.

Markforged Earnout Shares issuable to holders of Legacy Markforged equity interests as of the Merger closing date ("Eligible Markforged Equityholders") with respect to a Legacy Markforged equity award are accounted for as equity classified stock compensation. Markforged Earnout Shares issuable with respect to a vested Legacy Markforged equity award do not have a requisite service period. To the extent that an Eligible Markforged Equityholder is entitled to receive Markforged Earnout RSUs with respect to an unvested Legacy Markforged equity award, the Earnout RSUs are subject to a service-based vesting condition with a vesting period equivalent to the remaining service period of the holder’s Legacy Markforged equity award as of Closing.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to the Earnout of $5.6 million which is excluded from the above stock-based compensation expense table.

During the five year period after the Closing (“Earnout Period”), Eligible Markforged Equityholders are entitled to receive up to 14,666,667 Markforged Earnout Shares upon the occurrence of certain triggering events (the "Earnout"). During the Earnout Period, the Sponsor’s 2,610,000 surrendered shares of common stock will be released from lock-up upon certain triggering events.

On the date when the volume-weighted average trading sale price (“VWAP”) of one share of the Common Stock quoted on the NYSE is greater than or equal to $12.50 for any twenty trading days within any thirty consecutive trading day period within the Earnout Period (“Triggering Event I”), the Eligible Markforged Equityholders will receive 8,000,000 Markforged Earnout Shares distributed on a pro-rata basis and 50% of the Sponsor’s surrendered shares will be released from lock-up to the Sponsor.

On the date when the VWAP of one share of the Company’s common stock quoted on the NYSE is greater than or equal to $15.00 for any twenty trading days within any thirty consecutive trading day period within the Earnout Period (“Triggering Event II” and together with Triggering Event I, each a "Triggering Event"), the Eligible Markforged Equityholders will receive the remaining 6,666,667 Markforged Earnout Shares distributed on a pro-rata basis and the remaining 50% of the Sponsor’s surrendered shares will be released from lock-up to the Sponsor.

As discussed in Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, there are two units of account within the Markforged Earnout Shares depending on whether the Eligible Markforged Equityholder is entitled to receive Markforged Earnout Shares with respect to a Legacy Markforged equity award, whether vested or unvested, or with respect to Legacy Markforged common stock. Earnout Shares issuable with respect to an unvested Legacy Markforged equity award as Earnout RSUs are subject to forfeiture if the holder does not complete the required service period. From the Closing through the date of a forfeiture of an unvested Legacy

Markforged equity award, forfeited Earnout Shares are distributed to the remaining Eligible Markforged Equityholders on a pro-rata basis. The forfeited Earnout Shares are fungible between the two units of account. The following table summarizes the number of Earnout Shares allocated to each unit of account as of September 30, 2021:

As of the Closing, the estimated value of the Markforged Earnout Shares and surrendered Sponsor shares was $8.04 per share issuable upon Triggering Event I and $7.66 per share issuable upon Triggering Event II. The estimated value of the Markforged Earnout Shares and surrendered Sponsor shares as of September 30, 2021 is $5.32 per share issuable upon Triggering Event I and $4.92 per share issuable upon Triggering Event II. The valuation of the Markforged Earnout Shares and surrendered Sponsor shares is based on a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over the Earnout period using the most reliable information available. The following table describes the assumptions used in the valuation:

Neither of the Earnout Triggering Events have occurred as of September 30, 2021 and therefore none were distributed.

As part of a loan agreement entered into with a lending institution during 2015, Legacy Markforged issued warrants to the lender granting the right to purchase 180,928 shares of the Legacy Markforged common stock at an exercise price of $0.06 per share. The loan agreement was terminated prior to January 1, 2018. The warrants were due to expire on February 17, 2025.

The warrants were classified as a derivative liability within other liabilities prior to exercise in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and subsequent adjustments to fair value are shown in other expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

In June 2021, the lender exercised the warrant on a cashless basis and Legacy Markforged issued 179,572 shares of common stock. The fair value is measured at each reporting date using the Black-Scholes model using the following inputs. The inputs below correspond to June 10, 2021, the date of exercise:

Management considers contemporaneous third-party valuations in its determination of the fair value of common stock. The fair value of common stock increased significantly in large part due to the change in the probability of special purpose acquisition company (SPAC) exit. For the June 10, 2021 valuation, the Company assigned a 95% probability of a SPAC exit and a 5% probability of staying a private company.

As part of a development agreement executed with a customer in 2019, Legacy Markforged agreed to issue warrants to the customer to purchase Series D convertible preferred stock that would vest upon the achievement of certain payment milestones. The warrants granted the customer the right to purchase up to 280,528 shares of the Company’s Series D convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $0.00001 per share. As the customer remits payment for goods purchased from the company under the development agreement, a pro-rata share of warrants vest. The warrants were set to expire on September 24, 2029 but were completely vested and exercised as of the Closing.

The Company accounts for the warrants issued to the customer as consideration payable to the customer and a reduction of revenue with a corresponding adjustment to convertible preferred stock. The Company accounts for the warrants that vest to the customer as a reduction to deferred revenue and a corresponding adjustment to convertible preferred stock. The value of the warrants is measured based on the grant date fair value. The grant date was considered to occur at the execution date of the development agreement.

In accordance with the development agreement, 19,036 warrants vested during the three months ended September 30, 2021 and no warrants vested during the three months ended September 30, 2020. 110,212 and 70,130 warrants vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As a result, the Company recorded $0.4 million related to the warrants in the three months ended September 30, 2021, and of $0.6 million and $0.4 million related to the warrants in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, there were no outstanding but unvested warrants remaining under the terms of the development agreement.

The Private Placement Warrants were initially recognized as a liability on July 14, 2021 at a fair value of $5.7 million. The Private Placement Warrants were remeasured to a fair value of $4.3 million as of September 30, 2021. The Company recorded a gain of $1.4 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, which is included in change in fair value of derivative liabilities on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The Private Placement Warrants were valued using the following assumptions under the Binomial Lattice Model:

The Public Warrants were recognized in stockholder’s equity at a fair value of $9.7 million on July 14, 2021.

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based upon the differences between the consolidated financial statements carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities and for loss and credit carryforwards, using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that these assets may not be realized. The Company recognized a de minimis tax expense due to small state refunds and extension filings in some U.S. states during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

The Company provides reserves for potential payments of taxes to various tax authorities related to uncertain tax positions. Amounts recognized are based on a determination of whether a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filings or positions is “more likely than not” to be sustained on audit. The amount recognized is equal to the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be sustained. Interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions are recorded as a component of income tax expense. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company’s uncertain tax positions are not material and would not impact the effective tax rate if recognized as a result of the valuation allowance maintained against the Company’s net deferred tax assets.

The Company has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of its deferred tax assets, which are primarily comprised of net operating loss carryforwards and capitalized research and development costs at December 31, 2020. Since its inception, the Company has not recorded any income tax benefits for the net losses incurred or for the research and

development tax credits earned in each year and interim period, as the Company believes, based upon the weight of available evidence, that it is more likely than not that all of its net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards will not be realized. Management has determined that it is more likely than not that the Company will not recognize the benefits of federal and state deferred tax assets and, as a result, a full valuation allowance has been established at December 31, 2020. There is no material adjustment to the valuation allowance at September 30, 2021.

The Company leases two spaces with two locations in Watertown, Massachusetts and one location in Billerica, Massachusetts for office and manufacturing, under noncancellable operating lease agreements. These leases provide for escalating monthly payments and are set to expire in December 2023, April 2027, and July 2028. Rent expense under the Company’s lease agreements was $0.6 million and $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, rent expense was $1.9 million and $1.6 million respectively. Future minimum lease payments under these agreements are as follows:

The Company may enter into non-binding purchase agreements with suppliers to acquire inventory and other materials during the normal course of business. The Company did not have any minimum commitment arrangements.

From time to time, the Company may face legal claims or actions in the normal course of business. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under the provisions of the authoritative guidance that address accounting for contingencies. The Company expenses as incurred the costs related to its legal proceedings.

In July 2021, Continuous Composites Inc. (“Continuous Composites”), a company based out of Idaho, brought a claim in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against the Company regarding patent infringement. While the Company takes any claims of infringement seriously, Markforged believes that Continuous Composites’ claims are baseless and without merit. The Company intends to mount a vigorous defense against Continuous Composites in court. However, the Company can provide no assurance as to the outcome of any such disputes, and any such actions may result in judgments against Markforged for significant damages. The Company does not believe that a loss is probable and did not record a loss contingency for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.

The Company computes basic net profit (loss) per share using net profit (loss) attributable to Company common stockholders and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share includes shares issuable upon exercise of warrants, outstanding stock options, stock-based awards, and earnout awards where the conversion of such instruments would be dilutive. The Company assessed the dilutive effect of potential common shares under the treasury stock method for warrants, outstanding stock options, and stock-based awards, but excluding contingently issuable shares for the Markforged Earnout Shares.

As a result of the Merger, the Company has retroactively adjusted the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding prior to the Merger closing date by multiplying them by the Exchange Ratio used to determine the number of shares of common stock into which they converted.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company was in a net loss position, thus the effect of potentially dilutive securities, including non-vested stock options, restricted stock awards, warrants, and convertible preferred stock, was excluded from the denominator for the calculation of diluted net loss per share because the inclusion of such securities would be antidilutive. The following dilutive securities are excluded from the denominator:

In the operation of the business, the Chief Executive Officer, who is the Company’s chief operating decision maker, reviews the business as one segment. The Company currently sells its product in the Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”), and Asia Pacific (“APAC”) markets. The Company measures revenue based on the physical location of where the customer who is receiving the promised goods or service is located. Disaggregated revenue data for those markets is as follows:

Revenue generated from customers within the Company’s country of domicile, the United States, amounted to $14.3 million and $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, revenue in the United States was $33.7 million and $22.3 million. The Company’s long-lived assets are substantially located in the United States, where the Company’s primary operations are located.

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through November 15, 2021, the date the financial statements were issued, and has determined that there were no subsequent events that require disclosure in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “Markforged,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar terms refer to Markforged Holding Corporation and its subsidiaries after giving effect to the Merger. The following discussion and analysis summarizes the significant factors affecting the consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of our company as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on the beliefs of management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to, our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Our platform, The Digital Forge, is an intuitive additive manufacturing platform powering engineers, designers and manufacturing professionals globally. The Digital Forge combines precise and reliable 3D printers and metal and composite proprietary materials seamlessly with its cloud-based learning software offering to empower manufacturers to create more resilient and agile supply chains. Founded in 2013 by two MIT-educated engineers, Markforged is based in greater Boston, Massachusetts, where we have our own in-house manufacturing facility and where we design all of our industrial 3D printers, software and metal and composite proprietary materials.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant operating losses. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend on the successful further development and commercialization of our products. We generated revenue of $64.6 million and $47.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and incurred net profit of $0.6 million and net loss of $14.7 million, respectively, for those same periods. As of September 30, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of 79.0 million. We expect to continue to incur net losses as we focus on growing commercial sales of our products in both the United States and international markets, including growing our sales teams, scaling our manufacturing operations, continuing research and development efforts to develop new products and further enhance our existing products. Further, we expect to continue to incur additional general and administrative expenses associated with operating as a public company. In addition, we will incur substantial additional spending to build out the global footprint of our sales network, continue investing in research and development to accelerate product innovation, and fund inorganic growth opportunities.

On February 23, 2021, one, a Cayman Islands exempted company (“AONE”), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Caspian Merger Sub Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of AONE (“Merger Sub”), and MarkForged, Inc. ("Legacy Markforged"), pursuant to which (i) AONE would deregister as a Cayman Islands company and domesticate as a corporation in the State of Delaware and would be renamed “Markforged Holding Corporation” (the “Domestication”) and (ii) Merger Sub would merge with and into Legacy Markforged with Legacy Markforged surviving as a wholly owned subsidiary of Markforged Holding Corporation (the “Merger”). AONE's shareholders approved the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement on July 13, 2021, and the Domestication and the Merger were completed on July 14, 2021.

Cash proceeds of the Merger were funded through a combination of AONE’s $132.5 million of cash held in trust (after redemptions) and an aggregate of $210.0 million in fully committed common stock transactions at $10.00 per share. Upon closing of the Merger, Legacy Markforged repurchased shares of common stock from certain of its stockholders, for a total value of $45.0 million of cash on hand (the “Employee Transactions”). Total net proceeds upon closing of the Merger, net of the Employee Transactions and transaction costs paid at closing of $27.1 million, were $288.8 million.

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) was identified and on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. We are continuing to closely monitor the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of our business, including how it is impacting our customers, employees, supply chain, and distribution network, as well as the demand for our products in the markets that we serve.

As a result of COVID-19 restrictions on facilities imposed to contain the spread of COVID-19, we experienced delays in shipments and installations as well as decreased utilization of our installed products, leading to a decrease in sales of consumables

materials, which had an adverse effect on our revenue, especially in March and April 2020. In response, we undertook certain measures to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial position, cash flows and supply chain, including a reduction in force during 2020 to control headcount related costs.

More recently, we have experienced longer lead-times, higher costs, and delays in procuring parts and materials. For example, we recently experienced longer lead times and capacity constraints in connection with the raw resources required to manufacture our printing material and we are also facing increased prices in connection with the procurement of the electronic components and custom metal fabricated parts for our printers. We are working closely with our suppliers and customers to minimize impacts, and we continue to closely monitor availability and supply of parts and materials required for our business. However, the extent to which our operations may continue to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and related supply-chain disruptions will depend largely on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted, including the timing, pace and scale of the recovery of global economic conditions. The magnitude of the adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will depend on the evolution of our supply chain difficulties.

On September 9, 2021, President Biden directed the Department of Labor’s Occupation Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) to issue an Emergency Temporary Standard (“ETS”) requiring that all employers such as us with at least 100 employees ensure that their employees are fully vaccinated for COVID-19 or obtain a negative COVID-19 test at least once a week. President Biden also issued an Executive Order requiring certain COVID-19 precautions for government contractors and their subcontractors, including mandatory employee vaccination (subject to medical and religious exemptions). It is not currently possible to predict the impact to us of OSHA ETS, or the requirements for government contractors and their subcontractors. Any requirement to mandate COVID-19 vaccination of our workforce or require our unvaccinated employees to be tested weekly could result in employee attrition and difficulty securing future labor needs. In addition, any requirement to impose obligations on our suppliers under the Executive Order covering government contractors and their subcontractors could impact the price and availability of our supply of raw materials and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our focus on longer term profitability is based on our investments in research and development, our value added reseller (“VAR”) network, and go to market strategy. Research and development are core to our growth strategy to enable our platform to expand customer use cases and additive technology. We endeavor to expand and optimize our network of VARs which has been key to our expanding unit economics and global distribution.

For more information on operations and risks related to the pandemic and global supply chain disruptions, please see the section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q titled “Risk Factors — General Risk Factors, The global COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected our business and operations”.

We believe that our financial performance has been and in the foreseeable future will continue to be primarily driven by the factors discussed below. While each of these factors presents significant opportunities for our business, they also pose important challenges that we must successfully address in order to sustain our growth and improve our results of operations.

Our financial performance has largely been driven by, and in the future will continue to be impacted by, the rate of sales of our hardware. Management focuses on hardware sales as an indicator of current business success and a leading indicator of likely future recurring revenue from consumables, success plans, and premium software subscriptions. We expect our hardware sales to continue to grow as we increase penetration in our existing markets and expand into new markets.

We regularly assess trends relating to recurring revenue which includes consumables, services, and premium software subscriptions. The consumables revenue stream includes metals, continuous fiber, and chopped fiber materials used by customers as print media. Our services revenue is made up of revenue generated from hardware maintenance contracts (which we also refer to as “Success Plans”) and premium software subscriptions. The Success Plan revenue stream primarily consists of hardware maintenance services generally realized over a period of one to three years. Premium software subscriptions relate to certain cloud software solutions sold separately from our standard cloud-based software platform offering that is fully integrated with our hardware. Recurring revenue was 27% and 29% of total revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Recurring revenue was 29% and 29% of total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our recurring revenue as a percentage of total revenue will vary based upon new product placements in the period as well as consumption trends impacted by macroeconomic factors, customer behavior, and the useful life of our hardware. As our cumulative historical

hardware sales increase, recurring revenue on an absolute basis is expected to increase and over time should be an increasingly important contributor to our total revenue.

We believe that we are in a strong position within the industry with our accessible solutions that offer users design flexibility and industrial strength parts. Accordingly, we continue to invest in operations and sales channels necessary to scale our business and continue to gain market share and open new market opportunities. We have proven an ability to design, manufacture, and distribute products through channels that provide a high value to customers at gross margins higher than many of our competitors. In addition to our go to market strategy, our integrated platform of hardware, software and consumables has been core to our success and we will continue to drive value through research and development as we introduce smarter and more adaptive technology that is expected to improve our integrated platform and, ultimately, the value provided by our 3D printers. We believe these investments are critical to achieve long-term scalability, but expect the near term impacts will be a muting of our short term profitability.

Historically, the sales of our 3D printers have been subject to seasonality and we have seen higher hardware sales in the third and fourth quarters. We believe this trend is likely driven by available funds in federal capital budgets at the end of the third quarter and commercial budgets at year end which they direct towards the evolution of their manufacturing processes through investments in additive manufacturing.

The majority of our revenue results from the sale of hardware, including our additive manufacturing products, and related consumables. We deliver products and services primarily through our VAR network, who purchase and resell our products to end users. Hardware and consumables revenue is recognized upon transfer of control to the customer, which is typically the VAR, and generally takes place at the point of shipment. We also generate a portion of our revenue from hardware maintenance services and our premium software subscriptions. Revenue from hardware maintenance services for our additive manufacturing products is primarily generated through one-year or three-year contracts and is recognized ratably over the term of the agreement. Revenue related to software subscriptions is recognized ratably over the term of the subscription. Our VARs may provide installation services, as needed depending on the product.

Our cost of revenue consists of the cost of product, software subscriptions, maintenance services, personnel costs, third party logistics, warranty fulfillment costs, and overhead. Cost of products includes the manufacturing cost of our additive manufacturing products and consumables. We primarily utilize third party manufacturers for the production of our additive manufacturing hardware while we utilize our own manufacturing facilities and personnel for the production of our consumables. The costs of revenue for internally manufactured products include the cost of raw materials, labor conversion costs, and overhead related to our manufacturing operations, including depreciation. Cost of maintenance services includes personnel-related costs associated with our customer success teams’ provision of remote and on-site support services to our customers and the costs of replacement parts.

Our cost of revenue also includes indirect costs of providing our products and services to customers which consist primarily of reserves for excess and obsolete inventory and stock-based compensation.

We expect our cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods as we expect our revenues to continue to grow.

Our gross profit is calculated based on the difference between our revenues and cost of revenue. Gross margin is the percentage obtained by dividing gross profit by our revenue. Our gross profit and gross margin are, or may be, influenced by a number of factors, including:



Our cost structure for manufacturing operations, including the extent to which we utilize contract manufacturers compared to in-house manufacturing, the ability to achieve economies of scale in our purchase volumes, and any impacts to changes in our manufacturing on our product warranty obligations; and

We expect our gross margins to fluctuate over time, depending on the factors described above.

Our research and development expenses represent costs incurred to support activities that advance the development of innovative additive manufacturing technology, new printer products, development of proprietary printing materials, as well as activities that enhance the functionality of our offerings. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related personnel expenses, prototypes, facilities costs, and engineering services. We expect research and development costs will increase in absolute dollars over time as we continue to invest in our product portfolio.

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs for our sales and marketing departments, costs related to sales commissions, trade shows, advertising, facilities costs, and other demand generation services. We expect our sales and marketing costs will increase over time as we expand our headcount, optimize our reseller network and invest in brand awareness and demand generation.

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs for our executive leadership and finance, human resources and IT departments. We expect our general and administrative costs will increase over time as we expand our headcount to support growth in our global business, our VAR network and our customer base.

Change in fair value of derivative liabilities primarily includes the change in fair value of the contingent earnout liability and private placement warrant liability. Each was accounted for as a liability as of the date of the Merger and remeasured to fair value at the end of the reporting period.

Interest expense includes interest accrued on our debt and the amortization of deferred debt issuance costs.

Interest income includes interest earned on deposits and short-term investments.

Our income tax provision consists of an estimate for U.S. federal and state income taxes based on enacted rates, as adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities and changes in tax law. Due to cumulative losses, we maintain a valuation allowance against our U.S. and state deferred tax assets.

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented.

We earn revenue from the sale of hardware, consumables, and services contracts. The hardware revenue stream includes 3D metal printers, 3D composite printers, and sintering furnaces. The consumables revenue stream includes metals, continuous fiber, and chopped fiber materials used by customers as print media. The services revenue stream primarily consists of hardware maintenance services and software subscriptions.

The following table sets forth the changes in the components of gross margin for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue based on the nature of the products and services:

Consolidated revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2021 was $24.0 million compared with revenue of $15.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 representing an increase of 54%, primarily driven by an increase in hardware revenue as well as increases in consumables revenue.

Hardware revenue increased approximately 58% for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020 primarily due to an increase in units sold of our industrial composite and metal printers. Consumables revenue increased approximately 38% for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020, driven by the increase in active printers being utilized in the field, both from the incremental volume of new printer sales and the return of certain printers to active duty as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Services revenue increased approximately 59% for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020, driven primarily by an increase in the percentage of hardware units sold with a maintenance contract and the introduction of subscription software services, including Eiger Fleet and Blacksmith.

Consolidated cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2021 was $10.3 million compared with cost of revenue of $6.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 representing an increase of 63%, primarily due to an increase in the volume and cost of mechanical and electronic components and labor to support increased hardware sales, offset by efficiencies in hardware production. Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2021 was $13.7 million compared with gross profit of $9.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 representing an increase of 47%. Gross profit margin for the three months ended September 30, 2021 was 57% while the gross profit margin for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was 60%. The decline in consolidated gross profit is primarily due to the increase costs to procure supplies of mechanical and electronic components and increases in the cost of labor to support the increase in hardware and consumables production.

The following table sets forth the components of operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

Sales and marketing expense increased 109% for the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020, primarily due to increased spending on personnel costs of $2.4 million, including costs of contractors and Company employees and an increase in advertising and demand generation of $1.3 million. Market development funds and tradeshow costs increased by $0.3 million over the comparative period.

Research and development expense increased 142% for the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020, primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $2.6 million, including costs of contractors and Company employees. Stock-based compensation expenses increased $2.0 million over the comparable period while prototype research and development and software and subscriptions increased by $0.5 million over the comparative period.

General and administrative expenses increased 310% for the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020, primarily due to stock-based compensation expenses of $5.3 million, which included $3.8 million related to earnout compensation granted to Legacy Markforged shareholders and A-star, our SPAC's sponsor, negotiated as part of the Merger and subject to performance-based vesting, increased personnel expenses of $2.5 million, increased director and officer liability insurance premiums of $0.4 million, regulatory and compliance fees of $0.5 million and increased audit fees of $0.3 million.

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities and contingent earnout liability, other (expense) income, net, interest expense, and interest income

The following table sets forth Change in fair value of derivative liabilities, other (expense) income, net, interest expense, and interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

Fair value of derivative liabilities decreased creating additional income of $44.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2020, primarily related to the change in fair value of the derivative liability for the earnout shares of $42.7 million, calculated as the change in value between the Closing of $123.1 million and the value as of September 30, 2021 of $80.4 million. $1.4 million of the remaining change was related to the change in fair value of the Private Placement Warrants issued since the Closing.

We recorded a de minimis provision for income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The following table sets forth the changes in the components of gross margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue based on the nature of the products and services:

Consolidated revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $64.6 million compared with revenue of $47.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 representing an increase of 36%, primarily driven by an increase in hardware revenue as well as increases in consumables revenue.

Hardware revenue increased approximately 37% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily due to an increase in units sold of our composite printers. Consumables revenue increased approximately 29% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020, driven by a higher volume of new sales and existing active printers being utilized in the field. Services revenue increased approximately 48% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020, driven by both an increase in the attachment rate of hardware units sold with a maintenance contract and the sale of software subscriptions.

Consolidated cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $26.7 million compared with cost of revenue of $21.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 representing an increase of 26%, primarily due to an increase in the volume and cost of mechanical and electronic components and labor to support increased hardware sales, offset by efficiencies in hardware production. Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $37.9 million compared with gross profit of $26.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 representing an increase of 44%. Gross profit margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was 59% while the gross profit margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 55%.

The following table sets forth the components of operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

Sales and marketing expense increased 54% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily due to increased spending on advertising and demand generation of $3.2 million. Additionally, sales and marketing expense related to external contractors increased by $3.9 million over the comparative period.

Research and development expense increased 67% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily due to increases in personnel costs of $4.9 million, including external contractors and Company employees. Stock-based compensation expenses increased $2.1 million over the comparable period while prototype research and development expenses increased by $0.8 million over the comparative period.

General and administrative expenses increased 194% in the nine months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020 primarily due to stock-based compensation expenses of $6.8 million, which included $3.8 million related to earnout compensation granted to Legacy Markforged shareholders and A-star, negotiated as part of the Merger and subject to performance-based vesting, increased personnel expenses of $6.3 million, increased regulatory and compliance fees of $0.5 million and increased audit fees of $0.5 million.

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities and contingent earnout liability, other (expense) income, net, interest expense, and interest income

The following table sets forth other (expense) income, net, interest expense, and interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

Fair value of derivative liabilities decreased creating additional income of $43.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2020, primarily related to the change in fair value of the derivative liability for the earnout shares of $42.7 million, calculated as the change in value between the Closing of $123.1 million and the value as of September 30, 2021 of $80.4 million.

We recorded de minimis and $0.1 million provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

In addition to our financial results determined in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), we believe that Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, is useful in evaluating the performance of our business.

We define Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, as net profit (loss) and comprehensive income (loss) less interest income, interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization expense, stock-based compensation expense, net change in fair value of warrant liabilities and contingent earnout liabilities, and non-recurring transaction costs.

We monitor Adjusted EBITDA as a measure of our overall business performance, which enables us to analyze our past and future performance without the effects of non-cash items and/or one-time charges. While we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful in evaluating our business, Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that has limitations as an analytical tool. Adjusted EBITDA can be useful in evaluating our performance by eliminating the effect of financing, capital expenditures, and non-cash expenses such as stock-based compensation, however, we may incur such expenses in the future which could impact future results. We also believe that the presentation of the non-GAAP financial measures in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q provides an additional tool for investors to use in comparing our core business and results of operations over multiple periods with other companies in our industry, many of which present similar non-GAAP financial measures to investors.

In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently or not at all, which reduces the usefulness of this measure as a tool for comparison.

A summary of our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities is provided below. We recommend that you review the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, and that you not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business.

We have historically funded our operations primarily through the sale of convertible preferred stock, the proceeds from the Merger and reverse recapitalization including the sale of common stock, and the sale of our products. Since inception we have focused on growth, which has required ongoing investment to support scaling of our business, research and development efforts, and day to day operations. We had cash balances of $296.7 million as of September 30, 2021. We incurred net profit of $21.7 million and net loss of $14.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Since inception we have received unrestricted proceeds of $138 million from the sale of our convertible preferred stock to fund operations. Additionally, in April 2020 we applied for and were granted a loan under the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”). The loan proceeds were approximately $5.0 million. The Company repaid the PPP loan on January 27, 2021.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2021, we completed the Merger and received $288.8 million in cash at Closing, which we expect to provide funding for the build out of the global footprint of our sales network, continued investing in research and development to accelerate product innovation, as well as the potential funding of inorganic growth opportunities. We believe that our existing capital resources as of September 30, 2021 with the cash proceeds from the Merger will be sufficient to fund our operations in the near term.

The following table sets forth a summary of Markforged’s cash flows for the periods indicated:

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 was $38.8 million and $9.0 million, respectively. The increase in cash used of $29.8 million was partly due to the increased net loss of the Company after adjusting for non-cash add backs of $16.3 million, which was driven by the ongoing costs of completing the Merger, such as expenses paid to external advisers, professional fees, and our aggressive hiring policy. Net operating assets and liabilities also increased by $13.5 million, correspondingly increasing our cash usage.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 was $2.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The increase in cash used of $1.9 million was due to an increase in investments in property and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $279.1 million and $6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in cash used for financing activities of $272.9 million was primarily due to the $342.9 million of capital raised from the Merger and PIPE investment, partially offset by transaction costs of $16.0 million and the purchase of common stock for $45.0 million.

We do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or special purpose entities which were established for the purpose of off-balance sheet financing or other obligations that are reasonably likely to have a material current or future impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP and require management to make certain estimates and assumptions that impact the reported balances of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. On an ongoing basis, as required by GAAP, we update our estimates and assumptions. The actual results may differ from our estimates if our circumstances and conditions that occur do not align with our assumptions.

Our customer contracts include multiple products and services. We are required to perform allocations of the contract value to the products and services deemed to be distinct performance obligations by GAAP in order to recognize revenue at the appropriate time. These allocations are based on a relative standalone selling price methodology, which requires us to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation. We utilize selling prices from standalone sales of the product or service when available. However, certain products are not sold on a standalone basis or do not have a sufficient history of standalone sales and we are required to estimate the standalone selling price for the purposes of our allocation. We utilize market information, historical selling practices, and other available information to produce as accurate an estimate as possible. However, to the extent our pricing practices change or estimated selling prices differ from actual standalone sales in the future, the timing of our revenue recognition in contracts with multiple products and services may change.

Inventory is stated at average costs subject to impairment when carrying value is in excess of the net realizable value. The costs included materials, labor, and manufacturing overhead related to the acquisition of raw materials and production into finished goods. The net realizable value considers our intent and ability to utilize the inventory prior to perishing as well as the estimated selling price and costs of completion and sale. We regularly review our inventory on hand, product development plans, and sales forecasts to identify carrying values in excess of net realizable value.

Compensation costs related to stock-based compensation for employees is measured using the fair value recognition provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 718 Compensation-Stock Compensation.

We recognize compensation costs related to stock options granted based on the estimated fair value of the award on the date of grant. The methodology used to estimate the grant date fair value of stock awards is described below and in Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

One of the inputs to the estimate of grant date fair value of stock awards is the fair value of our common stock. There has been no public market for our equity instruments through the consummation of the Merger; as a result, the estimated fair value of our common shares has historically been determined by our board of directors as of the grant date. The assumptions used to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock are based on numerous objective and subjective factors, combined with management’s judgment, including:

Estimates of the fair value of our common shares consider our most recently available third-party valuations of common shares and have historically coincided with an issuance of convertible preferred shares. We issued our Series D convertible preferred stock on March 13, 2019. The Company subsequently engaged third party valuation specialists to perform valuation estimates of our common stock as of March 13, 2020, September 30, 2020, March 31, 2021, and June 10, 2021.

For the March 13, 2019 valuation, we used the Option Pricing Method (OPM), which models each class of equity securities as a call option with a unique claim on our assets. The OPM treats Markforged common stock and convertible preferred stock as call options on an equity value with exercise prices based on the liquidation preference of our convertible preferred stock. The common stock is modeled as a call option with a claim on the equity value at an exercise price equal to the remaining value immediately after our convertible preferred stock is liquidated. The exclusive reliance on the OPM until March 2020 was appropriate when the range of possible future outcomes was difficult to predict and resulted in a highly speculative forecast.

For the March 13, 2020 valuation, we used a combination of the income and market approaches. Specifically, we used the guideline public company method under the market approach, employing guideline public multiples as an input, and the discounted cash flow method under the income approach. We then weighted the indicated values from each approach to arrive at the fair value of equity as of the valuation date.

For the September 30, 2020, March 31, 2021 and June 10, 2021 valuations, we used a probability-weighted expected return method (“PWERM”), which was performed in accordance with the guidance outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, or AICPA, Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. The PWERM is a scenario-based methodology that estimates the fair value of common stock based upon an analysis of future values for Markforged, assuming various outcomes. The common stock value is based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns considering each of the possible outcomes available. The future value of the common stock under each outcome is discounted back to the valuation date at an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate and probability weighted to arrive at an indication of value for the common stock. For the September 30, 2020 valuation, we assigned a 10% probability that a SPAC exit will be completed by September 30, 2021 and a 90% probability of staying private. For the March 31, 2021 and the June 10, 2021 valuation, we assigned a 95% probability of completing the Merger with AONE and a 5% probability of remaining a private entity. We then used the OPM to arrive at a valuation given the assumptions.

We considered all objective and subjective factors that we believed to be relevant for each valuation conducted in accordance with the AICPA’s Practice Aid, including our best estimate of our business condition, prospects, operating performance, and potential future outcomes as of each valuation date. Changes in any or all of these estimates and assumptions or the relationships between those assumptions impact our valuations as of each valuation date and may have a material impact on the valuation of our common stock.

Subsequent to closing the Merger discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q we will no longer have a need to rely on such complex valuation estimates and will rely on observable market prices to determine the fair value of our common stock.

We assumed 5,374,984 Public Warrants and 3,150,000 Private Placement Warrants upon the Closing, all of which were issued in connection with AONE’s initial public offering and subsequent overallotment and entitle the holder to purchase one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The Warrants became exercisable at the later of 30 days after Closing or 12 months from the closing of AONE’s initial public offering, but can be terminated on the earlier of five years after the Closing, our liquidation, or the redemption date as determined by us.

We evaluated the Warrants and concluded that the Private Placement Warrants do not meet the criteria to be classified within stockholders’ equity. The agreement governing the Common Stock Warrants includes a provision that, if applied could result in a different settlement value for the Private Placement Warrants depending on their holder. Because the holder of an instrument is not an input into the pricing of a fixed-for-fixed option on our ordinary shares, the Private Placement Warrants are not considered to be “indexed to the Company’s own stock.” Such a provision precludes us from classifying the Private Placement Warrants in stockholders’ equity. As the Private Placement Warrants meet the definition of a derivative, we recorded these warrants as liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value, with subsequent changes in their respective fair values recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) at each reporting date. The provisions referenced above are not applicable to the Public Warrants which do not have differing settlement provisions based on the warrant holder, the Public Warrants are not precluded from being considered indexed to our stock and were recognized at fair value in stockholders’ equity at Closing.

The contingent obligations to issue Markforged Earnout Shares in respect of Legacy Markforged common stock and release from lock-up Sponsor Earnout Shares, are accounted for as liability classified instruments in accordance with ASC 815-40, as the Earnout Triggering Events that determine the number of Sponsor and Markforged Earnout Shares required to be released or issued, as the case may be, include events that are not solely indexed to the fair value of our Common Stock. The liability was recognized at the Closing and is subsequently remeasured at each reporting date with changes in fair value recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The valuation of the Markforged Earnout Shares and the surrendered Sponsor shares is based on a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over the Earnout period using the most reliable information available.

Markforged Earnout Shares issuable to employees with vested equity awards and Earnout RSUs are considered a separate unit of account from the Markforged Earnout Shares issuable in respect of Legacy Markforged common stock and are accounted for as equity classified stock compensation. The Markforged Earnout Shares issuable to employees with vested equity awards are fully vested upon issuance, thus there is no requisite service period and the value of these shares is recognized as a one-time stock compensation expense for the grant date fair value. Earnout RSUs are contingent upon an employee completing a service vesting condition, and as such, reflect a transaction in which we acquire employee services by offering to issue our shares, the amount of which is based in part on the share price of our Common Stock. Expense related to Earnout RSUs is recognized ratably over the requisite service period for the Earnout RSUs.

Refer to Note 3 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the recent accounting pronouncements that we have adopted and have not yet adopted.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act. The JOBS Act permits companies with emerging growth company status to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until those standards apply to private companies. We intend to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (1) are no longer an emerging growth company or (2) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. Accordingly, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates.

We intend to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information otherwise required under this item. As of September 30, 2021, we were not subject to any market or interest rate risk. The net proceeds of the Initial Public Offering, including amounts in the Trust Account, will be invested in U.S. government securities with a maturity of 185 days or less or in money market funds that meet certain conditions under Rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, that invest only in direct U.S. government treasury obligations. Due to the short-term nature of these investments, we believe there will be no associated material exposure to interest rate risk.

We have not engaged in any hedging activities since our inception and we do not expect to engage in any hedging activities with respect to the market risk to which we are exposed.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2021, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2021 because of the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting described below.

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. These material weaknesses are as follows:

We did not design and maintain an effective control environment commensurate with our financial reporting requirements. Specifically, we lacked a sufficient complement of resources with (i) an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, experience and training to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters timely and accurately, and (ii) an appropriate level of knowledge and experience to establish effective processes and controls. Additionally, the lack of a sufficient number of professionals resulted in an inability to consistently establish appropriate authorities and responsibilities in pursuit of our financial reporting objectives, as demonstrated by, among other things, insufficient segregation of duties in our finance and accounting functions. This material weakness contributed to the following additional material weaknesses:

We did not design and maintain effective controls related to the period-end financial reporting process, including designing and maintaining formal accounting policies, procedures and controls to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures. Additionally, we did not design and maintain controls over the preparation and review of account reconciliations and journal entries, including maintaining appropriate segregation of duties.

We did not design and maintain effective controls related to the identification of and accounting for certain non-routine, unusual or complex transactions, including the proper application of U.S. GAAP of such transactions. Specifically, we did not design and maintain controls to timely identify and account for share repurchase transactions and warrant instruments.

These material weaknesses resulted in audit adjustments to the following financial statement line items in the historical Markforged financial statements: operating expense, other expense, interest expense, other assets, other liabilities, additional paid in capital, treasury stock, retained earnings, note receivable—equity, and series D preferred stock. These adjustments were recorded prior to the issuance of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. The material weakness related to accounting for warrant instruments resulted in the restatement of the previously issued financial statements of the entity acquired as part of the July 14, 2021 merger agreement related to warrant liabilities and equity. Additionally, these material

weaknesses could result in a misstatement of substantially all of our accounts or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

We did not design and maintain effective controls over information technology (“IT”) general controls for information systems that are relevant to the preparation of our financial statements. Specifically, we did not design and maintain (i) program change management controls for financial systems to ensure that information technology program and data changes affecting financial IT applications and underlying accounting records are identified, tested, authorized and implemented appropriately; (ii) user access controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties and that adequately restrict user and privileged access to financial applications, programs, and data to appropriate Company personnel; (iii) computer operations controls to ensure that critical batch jobs are monitored, privileges are appropriately granted, and data backups are authorized and monitored; and (iv) testing and approval controls for program development to ensure that new software development is aligned with business and IT requirements. These IT deficiencies did not result in any misstatements to the financial statements, however, the deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact our ability to maintain effective segregation of duties, as well as the effectiveness of IT-dependent controls (such as automated controls that address the risk of material misstatement to one or more assertions, along with the IT controls and underlying data that support the effectiveness of system-generated data and reports) that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, management has determined these deficiencies in the aggregate constitute a material weakness.

We are in process of designing and implementing controls and taking other actions to remediate the material weaknesses described above, including the following:

We are in process of hiring additional accounting and IT personnel, including a new chief financial officer hired in March 2021, to bolster our reporting, technical accounting and IT capabilities. Additionally, we are in process of designing and implementing controls to formalize roles and review responsibilities to align with our team’s skills and experience and designing and implementing controls over segregation of duties.

We are in process of designing and implementing controls related to the period-end financial reporting process, including formal accounting policies, procedures and controls to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures. Additionally, we are in process of designing and implementing controls over the preparation and review of account reconciliations and journal entries.

We are in process of designing and implementing controls to timely identify and account for non-routine, unusual or complex transactions and other technical accounting and financial reporting matters, including controls over the preparation and review of accounting memoranda addressing these matters.

We are in process of designing and implementing IT general controls, including controls over program change management, the review and update of user access rights and privileges, controls over batch jobs and data backups, and program development approvals and testing.

The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until management completes the design and implementation of the measures described above and the controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2021 covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

From time to time we are involved in claims that arise during the ordinary course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not currently believe that the outcome of any of these other legal matters (including the matter involving Continuous Composites Inc., which the Company previously disclosed) will have a material adverse effect on our results of operation or financial condition. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can be costly and time consuming, as it can divert management’s attention from important business matters and initiatives, negatively impacting our overall operations.

A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business and industry is set forth below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and the “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q before deciding whether to purchase shares of our common stock. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the price of our common stock could decline, perhaps significantly. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operation.

We have a history of net losses and may not be able to achieve profitability for any period in the future or sustain cash flow from operating activities.

We have a history of losses since our inception in 2013 and have funded our cash flow deficits primarily through the issuance of capital stock. As of September 30, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $79.0 million, including net profit of $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. We expect to continue to incur operating losses and negative cash flow as we continue to invest significantly in research and development efforts, sales and marketing and other aspects of our business.

We cannot make any assurances that these investments will result in increased revenue or growth in our business. Additionally, as a public company, we expect our legal, accounting and other expenses to be substantially higher than the expenses we incurred as a private company. Furthermore, we may encounter unforeseen issues that require us to incur additional costs. Any such increased expenditures make it harder for us to achieve and maintain future profitability. Revenue growth and growth in our customer base may not be sustainable, and we may not achieve sufficient revenue to achieve or maintain profitability. While we have a revenue history, we expect to bring new additive manufacturing products to market that we anticipate will generate a substantial portion of our future revenue, and it is difficult for us to predict our future operating results. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including due to the other risks described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and other unknown events. As a result, our losses may exceed forecasts, we may incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we may not achieve profitability when expected, or at all, and even if we do, we may not be able to maintain or increase profitability. Accordingly, if we are not able to achieve or maintain profitability and we incur significant losses in the future, the market price of our common stock may decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

We have a relatively limited operating history and have experienced rapid growth, which makes evaluating our current business and future prospects difficult and may increase the risk of your investment.

Our ability to forecast our future operating results is subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and model future growth. We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly evolving industries, as we continue to grow our business. If our assumptions regarding these uncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our markets, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations, our business could suffer and the trading price of our stock may decline. We intend to derive a substantial portion of our revenues from sales of new and existing hardware products, which sales are non-recurring and subject to significant risk and fluctuation.

It is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. If actual results differ from our estimates or we adjust our estimates in future periods, our operating results and financial position could be materially affected.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly from period-to-period and may fall below expectations in any particular period, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our quarterly results of operations may fluctuate significantly from period-to-period. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or any securities analysts that follow our company in any period, the price of our common stock would likely decline. Each of the risks described in this section, as well as other factors, may affect our operating results. For example, factors that may cause our operating results to fluctuate include:

In addition, sales of our products are subject to the adoption and capital expenditure cycles of our customers sales cycle, and seasonality among our customers may cause our revenues and operating results to fluctuate from period to period. Accordingly, we typically experience increased sales during the fourth quarter and, to a lesser extent, the third quarter of our fiscal year relative to the first and second quarters. Additionally, for our more complex solutions, which may require additional facilities investment and installation support, potential customers may spend a substantial amount of time performing internal assessments prior to making a purchase decision. This may cause us to devote significant effort in advance of a potential sale without any guarantee of receiving any related revenues. As a result, revenues and operating results for future periods are difficult to predict with any significant degree of certainty, which could lead to adverse effects on our inventory levels and overall financial condition. Accordingly, you should not rely on quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year comparisons of our results as an indicator of our future performance.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected our business and operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to control its spread have significantly curtailed the movement of people, goods and services worldwide. In light of the uncertain situation relating to the spread of COVID-19, we have taken precautionary measures intended to minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, our customers and the communities in which we operate. These measures include temporarily closing our offices to visitors and limiting the number of employees in our offices to those that are deemed essential for manufacturing and research purposes, as well as virtualizing, postponing or canceling customer, employee and industry events.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also created many negative headwinds that present risks to our business and results of operations. For example, it has generally disrupted the operations of our customers and prospective customers, and may continue to disrupt their operations, including as a result of travel restrictions and/or business shutdowns, uncertainty in the financial markets or other harm to their business and financial results. These disruptions have caused reduced capital expenditures by our existing customers and potential new customers, which negatively impacted our sales, especially during the period between March 2020 and May 2020 in which we experienced a decrease in sales compared to the relevant period in 2019. This reduction was particularly prevalent among customers that are large companies purchasing our more expensive products that require greater on-site installation support. Further, in April 2020, we conducted a reduction in force as a result of reduced demand for our products and uncertainty about future revenues. Because the future effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are unpredictable, the impact could be more prolonged and significant in the future. These disruptions could result in further reductions to capital expenditure budgets, delayed purchasing decisions, longer sales cycles, extended payment terms or missed payments, and postponed or canceled projects, any of which would negatively impact our business and operating results, including sales and cash flows. We cannot predict the long-term impact that the COVID-19 pandemic may have on our business and cannot guarantee that it will not be materially negative. Although vaccines have recently become available to the public and states, including Massachusetts where our headquarters is located, have begun to ease certain restrictions, we continue to monitor the situation and may adjust our current policies as more information and public health guidance become available, the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and/or the precautionary measures that we have adopted may create operational and other challenges, any of which could harm our business and results of operations.

On September 9, 2021, President Biden directed the Department of Labor’s Occupation Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) to issue an Emergency Temporary Standard (“ETS”) requiring that all employers with at least 100 employees ensure that their employees are fully vaccinated for COVID-19 or obtain a negative COVID-19 test at least once a week. President Biden also issued an Executive Order requiring certain COVID-19 precautions for government contractors and their subcontractors, including mandatory employee vaccination (subject to medical and religious exemptions). It is not currently possible to predict the impact on the Company of OSHA ETS, or the requirements for government contractors and their subcontractors. Any requirement to mandate COVID-19 vaccination of our workforce or require our unvaccinated employees to be tested weekly could result in employee attrition and difficulty securing future labor needs. In addition, any requirement to impose obligations on our suppliers under the Executive Order covering government contractors and their subcontractors could impact the price and availability of our supply of raw materials and our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Historically, a significant portion of our field sales, customer training events and other application services have been conducted in person, and the rollout of our new products has historically been supported by our participation at industry conferences. Currently, as a result of the work and travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the precautionary measures that we have adopted, most of our field sales and professional services activities are being conducted remotely, which has resulted in a decrease in our travel expenditures. However, we have begun in-person interactions at trade shows and other customer events where permitted. We expect our travel expenditures to increase in the future, which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we do not yet know the extent of the negative impact of such restrictions and precautionary measures on our ability to attract new customers or retain and expand our relationships with existing customers over the near and long term.

In addition, many of our suppliers are experiencing operational challenges as a result of COVID-19, which has affected our supply chain and could have an adverse effect on our ability to provide products to our customers. Our suppliers may have to temporarily close a facility for disinfecting after employees tested positive for COVID-19, face staffing shortages from employees who are sick or apprehensive about coming to work or be overwhelmed by unexpected demand. Because of measures we took to increase inventory, the difficulties experienced by our suppliers have had minimal impact on our ability to ship products to our customers; however, these measures had a negative impact on short-term profitability and if the COVID-19 pandemic continues, it may negatively affect our inventory and delay delivery to our customers, which in turn will adversely affect our revenue and results of operations. If our suppliers are unable to deliver the materials we require on a timely basis, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to locate alternative sources of supply for our products on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to adequately purchase appropriate amounts of inventory, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted, and may continue to impact, our headquarters, which is our primary corporate office, sales and marketing center and has also impacted our in-house manufacturing location, including through the effects of facility closures, reductions in operating hours and other social distancing efforts. For example, if even a small number of our employees who work in clusters relating to critical functions such as manufacturing, procurement, supply chain, and research and development, test positive for COVID-19, the entire business function could be temporarily shut down to ensure the safety of our employees and the effectiveness of business would be severely impacted. Additionally, while Massachusetts and other states have begun to ease restrictions on in-person operations, we cannot predict whether these conditions and concerns will continue or whether we will experience more significant or frequent disruptions in the future, including the complete closure of one or more of our facilities. It is possible that widespread remote work arrangements may have a negative impact on our operations, the execution of our

business plans, the productivity and availability of key personnel and other employees necessary to conduct our business, and on third party service providers who perform critical services for us, or otherwise cause operational failures due to changes in our normal business practices necessitated by the outbreak and related governmental actions. If a natural disaster, power outage, connectivity issue or other event occurred that impacted our employees’ ability to work remotely, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The increase in remote working may also result in increased consumer privacy, data security and fraud risks, and our understanding of applicable legal and regulatory requirements, as well as the latest guidance from regulatory authorities in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, may be subject to legal or regulatory challenge, particularly as regulatory guidance evolves in response to future developments.

More generally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had, and is expected to continue to have, an adverse effect on economies and financial markets globally, leading to a continued economic downturn, which is expected to decrease technology spending generally and could adversely affect demand for our platforms and services. It is not possible at this time to estimate the full impact that COVID-19 will have on our business, as the impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business, financial condition and results of operations, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, including but not limited to, those related to our ability to increase sales to existing and new customers, increases to costs and potential delays from reliance on global suppliers and distribution networks, continue to perform on existing contracts, develop and deploy new technologies, expand our marketing capabilities and sales organization, generate sufficient cash flow to service our indebtedness, and comply with the covenants in the agreements that govern our indebtedness.

The additive manufacturing industry in which we operate is characterized by rapid technological change, requiring continual innovation and development of new products and innovations to meet constantly evolving customer demands.

Our revenues are derived from the sale of 3D printers and related materials and services. The additive manufacturing market is subject to rapid innovation and technological change and our customers’ needs are rapidly evolving. While we intend to invest substantial resources to remain on the forefront of technological development, continuing advances in additive manufacturing technology, changes in customer requirements and preferences and the emergence of new standards, regulations and certifications could adversely affect adoption of our products. Our ability to compete in the additive manufacturing market depends, in large part, on our success in developing and introducing new 3D printers and technology, in improving our existing products and technology and qualifying new materials which our systems can support. We believe that we must continuously enhance and expand the functionality and features of our products and technologies in order to remain competitive. However, we may not be able to:

Even if we successfully introduce new additive manufacturing products and technologies and enhance our existing products and technologies, it is possible that these will eventually supplant our existing products or that our competitors will develop new products and technologies that will replace our own. As a result, any of our products may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by our or our competitors’ technological advances, leading to a loss in market share, decline in revenue and adverse effects to our business and prospects.

We face intense and growing competition in the additive manufacturing industry. Our inability to compete effectively with our competitors could affect our ability to achieve our anticipated market penetration and achieve or sustain profitability.

The additive manufacturing industry in which we operate is highly competitive. We compete for customers with a wide variety of producers of additive manufacturing equipment that creates 3D objects and end-use parts, as well as with providers of materials and

services for this equipment. Some of our existing and potential competitors are researching, designing, developing and marketing other types of products and services that may render our existing or future products obsolete, uneconomical or less competitive. Existing and potential competitors may also have substantially greater financial, technical, marketing and sales, manufacturing, distribution and other resources than us, including name recognition, as well as experience and expertise in intellectual property rights and operating within certain international markets or industry verticals, any of which may enable them to compete effectively against us. Moreover, many of our competitors have more extensive customer and partner relationships than we do, and may therefore be in a better position to identify and respond to market developments or changes in customer demands, including successfully developing technologies that outperform our technologies. Potential customers may also prefer to purchase from their existing suppliers rather than a new supplier regardless of product performance or features. For example, a number of companies that have substantial resources have announced that they are beginning production of 3D printers, which will further enhance the competition we face.

Future competition may arise from the development of allied or related techniques for equipment, materials, software and services that are not encompassed by our patents, from the issuance of patents to other companies that may inhibit our ability to develop certain products and from improvements to existing technologies.

We intend to continue to follow a strategy of continuing product development, VAR and distribution network expansion to enhance our competitive position to the extent practicable. But we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our current position or continue to compete successfully against current and future sources of competition. If we do not keep pace with technological change and introduce new products and technologies, demand for our products may decline, and our operating results may suffer.

Declines in the prices of our products and services, or in our volume of sales, together with our relatively inflexible cost structure, may adversely affect our financial results.

Our business is subject to price competition. Such price competition may adversely affect our results of operation, especially during periods of decreased demand. Decreased demand also adversely impacts the volume of our sales. If our business is not able to offset price reductions resulting from these pressures, or decreased volume of sales due to contractions in the market, by improved operating efficiencies and reduced expenditures, then our operating results will be adversely affected.

Although we generally do not have long-term supply agreements, certain of our operating costs are fixed and cannot readily be reduced, which has an impact on our operating results. To the extent the demand for our products slows, or the additive manufacturing market contracts, we may be faced with excess manufacturing capacity and related costs that cannot readily be reduced, which will adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Conversely, because we generally do not have long-term supply agreements, we are subject to the risk of significant cost increases and parts shortages by our suppliers, or decisions by our suppliers to cease selling certain parts and materials to us.

Increased consolidation among our customers, suppliers and competitors in the additive manufacturing industry may have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Increased consolidation in the additive manufacturing industry among our customers, suppliers and competitors may adversely affect our business and results of operations. Customer consolidation could lead to changes in buying patterns, slowdowns in spending, and impact our distribution channels. Moreover, the significant purchasing power of these large companies can increase pricing and competitive pressures for us, including the potential for decreases in our average selling prices. If one of our customers is acquired by another company that does not rely on us to provide it with products or relies on another provider of similar products, we may lose that customer’s business. Any of the foregoing results will adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, supplier consolidation may lead to increased prices of materials for our products, deployment delays and/or a disruption in output. In addition, such consolidation may exacerbate the risks relating to our dependence on a small number of suppliers for certain materials that are required to manufacture our products.

We may experience significant delays in the design, production and launch of our additive manufacturing solutions and enhancements to existing products, and we may be unable to successfully commercialize products on our planned timelines.

We have several additive manufacturing solutions and enhancements to existing products that are still under development. There are often delays in the design, testing, manufacture and commercial release of new products, and any delay in the launch of our products could materially damage our brand, business, growth prospects, financial condition and operating results. Even if we

successfully complete the design, testing and manufacture for one or all of our products or enhancements under development, we may fail to develop a commercially successful product on the timeline we expect for a number of reasons, including:

Our success in the market for the new products we develop will depend in part on our ability to prove our new products’ capabilities in a timely manner. Until demonstration, our customers may not believe that our products and/or technology have the capabilities they were designed to have or that we believe they have. Furthermore, even if we do successfully demonstrate our products’ capabilities, potential customers may be more comfortable doing business with a competitor, including another larger and more established company, may take longer than expected to make the decision to order our products, or may not have the budget or decision making authority to purchase the product. Significant revenue from new product investments may not be achieved for a number of years, if at all. If the timing of our launch of new products and/or of our customers’ acceptance of such products is different than our assumptions, our revenue and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Changes in our product mix may impact our gross margins and financial performance.

Our financial performance may be affected by the mix of products and services we sell during a given period. We expect to continue to offer products at a variety of price points. Sales of certain of our products have, or are expected to have, higher gross margin contributions than others. If our product mix shifts too far into lower gross margin products, or we are unable to maintain or increase gross margins, and we are not able to sufficiently reduce the engineering, production and other costs associated with those products or substantially increase the sales of our higher gross margin products, our profitability could be reduced. Additionally, the introduction of new products or services may further heighten quarterly fluctuations in gross profit and gross profit margins due to manufacturing ramp-up and start-up costs. Relatedly, if our product mix shifts such that our production rates decrease, our product costs and margins may be negatively impacted. We may experience significant quarterly fluctuations in gross profit margins or operating income or loss due to the impact of the mix of products, channels or geographic areas in which we sell our products from period to period.

Our failure to meet our customers’ price expectations would adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Demand for our product lines is sensitive to price. We believe our competitive pricing has been an important factor in our results to date. Therefore, changes in our pricing strategies can have a significant impact on our business and ability to generate revenue. Many factors, including our production and personnel costs, our competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies, our customers’ budgets, the value our products bring to our customers and our desire to hit revenue goals can significantly impact our pricing strategies. If we fail to meet our customers’ price expectations in any given period, demand for our products and product lines could be negatively impacted and our business, results of operations and brand could suffer.

Our revenue model is evolving and we may introduce new revenue models or avenues that may not be accepted by our customers and as such will not materialize.

We depend on our network of VARs and other distribution partners and if we fail to maintain successful relationships, or if they fail to perform, our ability to market, sell and distribute our products will be limited, and our business, financial position and results of operations will be harmed.

We rely heavily on our global network of VARs and other distribution partners to sell our products and to provide installation and support services to customers in their respective geographic regions. These VARs and other distribution partners may not be as effective in selling our products or installing and supporting our customers as we expect. Moreover, a VAR or other distribution partner may misrepresent the capabilities of our products without our knowledge either intentionally or unintentionally due to the inherent complexity of our products. Further, our VARs and other distribution partners can terminate their contracts with us at any time, and if our contracts with a significant number of VARs and other distribution partners, or with the most effective VARs and other distribution partners, were to terminate or if they would otherwise fail or refuse to sell certain of our products, we may not be able to find replacements that are as qualified or as successful in a timely manner, if at all.

Recruiting and retaining qualified VARs and other distribution partners and training them in our technologies requires significant time and resources. These VARs and other distribution partners may also market, sell and support other technologies in unrelated markets and may devote more resources to the marketing, sales and support of such products.

In addition, if our VARs and other distribution partners do not perform as anticipated, or if we are unable to secure qualified and successful VARs and other distribution partners, our sales will suffer, which would have an adverse effect on our revenues and operating results. Because we also depend upon our VARs and other distribution partners to provide installation and support services for products, if our VAR or distribution partner relationships were terminated or limited to certain products, we may face disruption in providing support for our customers, which would adversely affect our brand, reputation and our results of operations. Any failure to offer high-quality technical support services may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and adversely affect our financial results and brand.

Further, we require that our VARs and other distribution partners adhere to all local laws and regulations, but it is possible that a VAR or other distribution partner could violate such laws or regulations, which could adversely impact our business, reputation and financial results and brand. Our indirect sales and distribution model could subject us to lawsuits, potential liability and brand and reputational harm if, for example, any of our VARs and other distribution partners misrepresent the functionality of our products or services to customers or violate laws or our corporate policies.

Additionally, a default by one or more VARs or other distribution partners with whom we have a significant receivables balance could have an adverse financial impact on our financial results. In the three months ended September 30, 2021, our largest VAR generated an aggregate of 14% of our accounts receivable balance. In the event that this VAR or any of our large customers do not continue to purchase our products or purchase fewer of our products, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. We have reviewed our policies that govern credit and collections and will continue to monitor them in light of current payment status and economic conditions. In addition, we try to reduce the credit exposures of our accounts receivable by instituting credit limits and additional checks. However, there can be no assurance that our efforts to identify potential credit risks will be successful. Our inability to timely identify VARs and other distribution partners that are credit risks could result in defaults at a time when such VARs and other distribution partners have high accounts receivable balances with us. Any such default would result in a significant charge against our earnings and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, a significant portion of our accounts receivable payment periods are greater than 90 days. During that time, the VAR or distribution partner may default on its obligations or we may otherwise be unable to collect the payments due to us, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

If our suppliers become unavailable or inadequate, our customer relationships, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

As a result of COVID-19 and related supply chain disruptions, we have experienced increasing costs and supply shortages that have intensified during the third quarter of 2021. We acquire certain of our materials, which are critical to the ongoing operation and future growth of our business, from several third parties. Generally, our third-party contract manufacturers contract directly with component suppliers with our guidance. We rely on our contract manufacturers to manage their supply chains. If one of our contract manufacturers has supply chain disruptions, or our relationship with our contract manufacturer terminates, we could experience delays. We also source some materials directly from suppliers. While most manufacturing equipment and materials for our products are available from multiple suppliers, certain of those items are only available from limited sources. Should any of these suppliers become unavailable or inadequate, or impose terms unacceptable to us, such as increased pricing terms, we could be required to spend a significant amount of time and expense to develop alternate sources of supply, and we may not be successful in doing so on terms acceptable to us, or at all. As a result, the loss of a limited source supplier could adversely affect our brand and relationship with our customers as well as our results of operations and financial condition.

In the case of certain materials, we have specified a certain grade of a product to be used in our manufacturing process. While there are several potential suppliers of most of these component materials that we use, we currently choose to use only one or a limited number of suppliers for several of these components and materials. For those materials, we could be impacted by any changes our suppliers make to such materials, which could include specification changes, lead time or cancellation of the material. If there is not an alternate product available, replacement thereof would require significant engineering and manufacturing efforts by us to qualify a replacement. Additionally, if a supplier of such materials decided to terminate their relationship with us, we may face delays in our production as we seek out a replacement supplier. Our reliance on a single or limited number of vendors involves a number of risks, including:

In addition, we evaluate new suppliers pursuant to our internal procedures. This process involves evaluations of varying durations, which may cause production delays if we were required to qualify a new supplier unexpectedly. We generally assemble our systems and parts based on our internal forecasts and the availability of raw materials, assemblies, components and finished goods that are supplied to us by third parties, which are subject to various lead times. If certain suppliers were to decide to discontinue production of an assembly, component or raw material that we use, the unanticipated change in the availability of supplies, or unanticipated supply limitations, could cause delays in, or loss of, sales, increased production or related costs and consequently reduced margins, and damage to our reputation. If we were unable to find a suitable supplier for a particular component, material or compound, we could be required to modify our existing products or the end-parts that we offer to accommodate substitute components, material or compounds. While we monitor risk internally related to our sourcing (particularly concerning raw materials), there is no guarantee that will sufficiently protect us if we suddenly lose access to supplies unexpectedly.

Any shortage of a particular component, material or compound could materially and adversely affect our ability to manufacture our products and could lead to increased costs to acquire such resources which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. We have in the past experienced and may in the future experience materials shortages and price fluctuations of certain key components, materials and compounds, and the predictability of the availability and pricing of these components, materials and compounds may be limited. Shortages of components, materials or compounds or pricing fluctuations could be material in the future. In the event of a components, materials or compounds shortage, supply interruption or material pricing change from suppliers of these components, materials or compounds, we may not be able to develop alternate sources in a timely manner or at all in the case of sole or limited sources. Developing alternate sources of supply for these components, materials or compounds may be time-consuming, difficult, and costly and we may not be able to source these components, materials or compounds on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to meet our requirements or to fill customer orders in a timely manner. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these components, materials or compounds, or the inability to obtain these components, materials or compounds from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would adversely affect our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries to our customers. This could adversely affect our relationships with our customers and VARs and could cause delays in shipment of our products and adversely affect our operating results. In addition, increased component, material or compound costs could result in lower gross margins. Even where we are able to pass increased costs along to our customers, there may be a lapse of time before we are able to do so such that we must absorb the increased cost. If we are unable to buy these components, materials or compounds in quantities sufficient to meet our requirements on a timely basis, we will not be able to deliver products to our customers, which may result in such customers using competitive products instead of ours.

The recent events precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic have created minor delays on the inbound supply chain at our partners and our own facilities. Additional delays on both inbound and outbound logistics have also created challenges. We have been able to identify alternative solutions such that none of the issues has had a material impact on our ability to fulfill demand. If disruptions to global businesses from the pandemic continue or worsen, our business could face greater supply chain delays and difficulty shipping or receiving products and materials, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

While we believe that, if necessary, we can obtain all the components necessary for our spare parts and materials from other manufacturers, we will need to guide any new manufacturers through evaluation processes of varying durations. Our spare parts and raw materials used in our materials production are subject to various lead times. Any unanticipated change in the sources of our supplies, or unanticipated supply limitations, could increase production or related costs and consequently reduce margins.

If our forecasts exceed actual orders, we may hold inventories of slow-moving or unusable parts, which could have an adverse effect on our cash flow, profitability, and results of operations. Inversely, we may lose orders if our forecast is low and we are unable to meet demand. There is considerable uncertainty on the business impact from current measures and potential future measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on our vendors, suppliers, and partners, especially if such measures are in effect for an extended period of time.

Our business model is predicated, in part, on developing or expanding recurring revenues through the sale of our hardware, consumables, and services. If that recurring stream of revenues does not develop as expected, or if our business model changes as the industry evolves, our operating results may be adversely affected.

Our business model is dependent, in part, on our ability to develop, maintain and increase sales of our hardware, consumables, and services as they generate recurring revenues. Existing and future customers of our systems may not purchase our consumables and services at the same rate at which customers currently purchase those offerings. If our current and future customers purchase a lower volume of our consumables and services, resulting overall in lower purchases of consumables and services on average than with our current installed customer base, our recurring revenue stream relative to our total revenues would be reduced and our operating results would be adversely affected.

We rely on a limited number of third-party logistics providers for distribution of our products, and their failure to distribute our products effectively would adversely affect our sales.

We rely on a limited number of third-party logistics providers for shipping our products. Each third-party logistics provider stores our products in a limited number of warehouses where they prepare and ship our products based on digital instructions. The use of a limited number of third-party logistics providers increases the risk that a fire or damage from another type of disaster at any of the warehouses may result in a disruption of our commercialization efforts. Additionally, because we use a limited number of third-party logistics providers, if there is a disruption in the distribution channels of such third-party logistics providers, including but not limited to any disruption caused by global shipping capacity, labor shortages and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, our business and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

If our third-party logistics providers do not fulfill their contractual obligations to us, or refuse or fail to adequately distribute our products, such as by shipping our products to the incorrect recipient, or the agreements are terminated without adequate notice, shipments of our products, and associated revenues, would be adversely affected. In addition, we expect that it may take a significant amount of time if we were required to change our third-party logistics providers and would require significant efforts to provide the systems support required for a new provider to effectively support our operations.

If demand for our products does not grow as expected, or if market adoption of additive manufacturing does not continue to develop, or develops more slowly than expected, our revenues may stagnate or decline, and our business may be adversely affected.

We believe that the industrial manufacturing market, which today is dominated by conventional manufacturing processes that do not involve additive manufacturing technology, is undergoing a shift towards additive manufacturing. We may not be able to develop effective strategies to raise awareness among potential customers of the benefits of additive manufacturing technologies or our products may not address the specific needs or provide the level of functionality required by potential customers to encourage the continuation of this shift towards additive manufacturing. We must anticipate, sometimes several years in advance, the direction that the additive market is taking. We may not correctly anticipate the direction, which may lead us to invest in the wrong products, which may adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition. If additive manufacturing technology does not continue to gain broader market acceptance as an alternative to conventional manufacturing processes, or if the marketplace adopts additive manufacturing technologies that differ from our technologies, we may not be able to increase or sustain the level of sales of our products, and our operating results would be adversely affected as a result.

Defects in new products or in enhancements to our existing products that give rise to product returns or warranty or other claims could result in material expenses, diversion of management time and attention and damage to our reputation.

Our additive manufacturing solutions are complex and may contain undetected defects or errors when first introduced or as enhancements are released that, despite testing, are not discovered until after a machine has been used. We may not know which products are affected by defects. These defects could be systemic and could affect all of the products we shipped prior to discovery thereof. It may not be economically feasible to identify, replace or repair all affected products. In the event that the defect is severe enough or impacts customer safety, a product recall may be required. This could result in delayed market acceptance of those products or claims from VARs, customers or others, which may result in litigation, increased customer warranty, support and repair or replacement costs, damage to our reputation and business, or significant costs and diversion of support, management and engineering personnel to correct the defect or error. We may from time to time become subject to warranty or product liability claims related to

product quality issues that may require us to take remedial action and could, regardless of merit, lead us to incur significant expenses, result in diversion of management time and attention, damage to our business and reputation and brand, and cause us to fail to retain existing customers or fail to attract new customers.

We attempt to include provisions in our agreements with customers that are designed to manage our exposure to potential liability for damages arising from defects or errors in our products. However, it is possible that these provisions may not be effective as a result of unfavorable judicial decisions or laws enacted in the future.

We may be unable to consistently manufacture our products to the necessary specifications or in quantities necessary to meet demand at an acceptable cost or at an acceptable performance level.

Our products are integrated solutions with many different components that work together. As such, a quality defect in a single component can compromise the performance of the entire solution. As we continue to grow and introduce new products, and as our products incorporate increasingly sophisticated technology, such as our recently announced FX20 system, which will be the largest and most complex printer we have ever developed, it will be increasingly difficult to ensure our products are produced in the necessary quantities without sacrificing quality. There is no assurance that we or our third-party manufacturers and any component suppliers will be able to continue to manufacture our products so that they consistently achieve the product specifications and quality that our customers expect. Relatedly, certain of our components are sourced by a single supplier and, if the supply became disrupted as a result of insufficient quality, service delays or any other factor, our manufacturing efforts may be adversely affected. Any future design issues, unforeseen manufacturing problems, such as contamination of our or such third-party facilities, equipment malfunctions, aging components, component obsolescence, business continuity issues, quality issues with components and materials sourced from third party suppliers, or failures to strictly follow procedures or meet specifications, may have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, financial condition and operating results. Furthermore, we or our third-party manufacturers may not be able to increase manufacturing to meet anticipated demand or may experience downtime.

In order to meet our customers’ needs, we attempt to forecast demand for our products and components used for the manufacture of our products. If we fail to accurately forecast this demand, we could incur additional costs or experience manufacturing delays and may experience lost sales or significant inventory carrying costs.

The risk of manufacturing defects or quality control issues is generally higher for new products, whether produced by us or a third-party manufacturer, products that are transitioned from one manufacturer to another, particularly if manufacturing is transitioned or initiated with a manufacturer we have not worked with in the past, and products that are transferred from one manufacturing facility to another. We cannot assure investors that we and our third-party manufacturers will be able to launch new products on time, transition manufacturing of existing products to new manufacturers, transition our manufacturing capabilities to a new location or transition manufacturing of any additional materials in-house without manufacturing defects. An inability to manufacture products and components that consistently meet specifications, in necessary quantities and at commercially acceptable costs will have a negative impact and may have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our commercial contracts generally contain product warranties and limitations on liability and we carry liability insurance in amounts that we believe are adequate for our risk exposure and commensurate with industry norms. However, commercial terms and our insurance coverage may not be adequate or available to protect our company in all circumstances, and we might not be able to maintain adequate insurance coverage for our business in the future at an acceptable cost. Any liability claim against us that is not covered by adequate insurance could adversely affect our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. Finally, any liability claim against us may cause harm to our brand, reputation and adversely impact our business.

We are dependent on the continued services and performance of our senior management and other key employees, as well as on our ability to successfully hire, train, manage and retain qualified personnel.

Our future performance depends on the continued services and contributions of our executive team, founders and other key employees to execute on our business plan and to identify and pursue new opportunities and product innovations. Such persons may resign at any time and the loss of their services could delay or prevent the successful implementation of our strategy, commercialization of new applications for our systems or other products, or could otherwise adversely affect our ability to manage our company effectively and carry out our business plan. There is no assurance that if any senior executive, founder or other key employee leaves in the future, we will be able to rapidly replace him or her and transition smoothly towards his or her successor, without any adverse impact on our operations.

Our ability to successfully pursue our growth strategy will also depend on our ability to attract, motivate and retain existing and new personnel. We experience intense competition for qualified senior management and other key personnel (including scientific, technical, manufacturing, engineering, financial and sales personnel) in the additive manufacturing industry, especially in the greater

Boston area. In addition, we have experienced increased competition and shortages for skilled labor, particularly for the key roles noted above. Our personnel are generally employed on an at-will basis, which means that they could terminate their employment with us at any time. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain our current key personnel or attract new persons to join our organization in the future. Some of our competitors for these employees have greater resources and more experience, making it difficult for us to compete successfully for key personnel. These pressures could result in increased costs in order to provide competitive compensation packages to attract and retain key personnel. Moreover, new employees may not be as productive as we expect since we may face challenges in adequately integrating them into our workforce and culture. If we cannot attract and retain sufficiently qualified technical employees for our research product development activities, as well as experienced sales and marketing personnel, we may be unable to develop and commercialize new products and enhancements to existing products.

As manufacturing becomes a larger part of our operations, we will become exposed to accompanying risks and liabilities.

In-house and outsourced manufacturing has been and continues to be a significant part of our business. As a result, we expect to continue to be subject to various risks associated with the manufacturing and supply of products, including the following:



If we fail to supply products in accordance with contractual terms, including terms related to time of delivery and performance specifications, we may be required to repair or replace defective products and may become liable for direct, special, consequential and other damages, even if manufacturing or delivery was outsourced;



As our manufacturing operations expand, we expect that a significant portion of our manufacturing will be done in regions outside the United States, either by third-party contractors or in a plant owned by the Company. Any manufacturing done in such locations presents risks associated with quality control, currency exchange rates, foreign laws and customs, timing and loss risks associated with international transportation and potential adverse changes in the political, legal and social environment in the host county;



We have made, and may be required to make, representations as to our right to supply and/or license intellectual property and to our compliance with laws. Such representations are usually supported by indemnification provisions requiring us to defend our customers and otherwise make them whole if we license or supply products that infringe on third-party technologies or violate government regulations;



With scaling production volume, demand for our products may make up a significant percentage of global volume in select categories or commodities. Such commodities could be subject to large pricing swings due to the global political, legal and social environment and could cause our costs to exceed productions and associated revenues.

Any failure to adequately manage risks associated with the manufacture and supply of materials and products could adversely affect profits from that segment of our business and/or lead to significant liabilities, which would harm our brand, business, operations and financial condition.

Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees. These agreements prohibit our employees from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period after they cease working for us. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefiting from the expertise that our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. For example, in Massachusetts, where most of our employees are based, applicable law imposes a number of requirements to enter into a valid non-competition agreement, and in California non-competition agreements with employees are generally unenforceable after termination of employment.

We expect to continue to experience rapid growth and organizational change. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, maintain high levels of service and customer satisfaction or attract new employees and customers.

We expect to continue to experience growth in our number of customers, sales, revenues and headcount. We expect to continue to make significant investments in our business, including investments in our infrastructure, software, technology, personnel headcount, facilities, marketing and sales efforts. If our business does not generate the level of revenue required to support our investment, our net sales and profitability will be adversely affected.

To manage growth in our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to scale and improve our operational, financial, and management controls, and our reporting systems and procedures, which will require significant capital expenditures, increasing our cost of operations and the reallocation of valuable management resources. As we scale, it may become more difficult and will require additional capital expenditures to maintain and increase the productivity of our employees, expand production, to address the needs of our actual and prospective customers, to further develop and enhance our products, and remain competitive against our competitors’ products. These enhancements and improvements will require significant capital expenditures, investments in additional headcount and other operating expenditures and allocation of valuable management and employee resources. Our future financial performance and our ability to execute on our business plan will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth and expansion. There are no guarantees we will be able to do so in an efficient or timely manner, or at all.

As we acquire and invest in companies or technologies, we may not realize expected business, technological or financial benefits and the acquisitions or investments could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

As part of our business strategy, we may evaluate and make investments in, or acquisitions of, complementary companies, products, software and technologies, to further grow and augment our business and product offerings. The success of any attempts to grow our business through acquisitions to complement our business depends in part on the availability of, our ability to identify, and our ability to engage and pursue suitable acquisition candidates. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all.

If we do complete future acquisitions, we cannot assure you that they will ultimately strengthen our competitive position or that they will be viewed positively by customers, financial markets or investors. Furthermore, future acquisitions could pose numerous additional risks to our operations, including:

Each of the above challenges are exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which complicates our ability to complete and integrate any future acquisition into our business and could adversely affect the acquired business in unexpected ways.

We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges and opportunities, including the need to develop new features or enhance our products, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds if our existing sources of cash and any funds generated from operations do not provide us with sufficient capital. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing that we may secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges and opportunities could be significantly impaired, and our business may be adversely affected.

A real or perceived defect, security vulnerability, error or performance failure in our software or technical problems or disruptions caused by our third-party service providers could cause us to lose revenue, damage our reputation and expose us to liability.

Our hardware products rely upon our complementary software products which are inherently complex and, despite extensive testing and quality control, have in the past and may in the future contain defects or errors, especially when first introduced, or otherwise not perform as contemplated. As the use of our products, including products that were recently acquired or developed, expands to more sensitive, secure or mission critical uses by our customers, we may be subject to increased scrutiny, potential reputational risk or potential liability should our software fail to perform as contemplated in such deployments. We have in the past and may in the future need to issue corrective releases of our software to fix these defects, errors or performance failures and we may encounter technical problems when we attempt to perform routine maintenance or enhance our software, internal applications, and systems, which could require us to allocate significant research and development and customer support resources to address these problems and divert the focus of our management and research and development teams. In addition, our platform may be negatively impacted by technical issues experienced by our third-party service providers.

Our business, brands, reputation and ability to attract and retain customers depend upon the satisfactory performance, reliability and availability of our software products, which in turn, with respect to our planned software as a service (“SaaS”) offerings depend upon the availability of the internet and our third-party service providers. For example, for our SaaS offerings we outsource our cloud infrastructure to Amazon Web Services (“AWS”), our hosting provider, which hosts our software products. Our hosting provider runs its own platforms upon which our products depend, and we are, therefore, vulnerable to service interruptions at the hosting provider level. We do not control the operation of any of AWS’ data center hosting facilities, and they may be subject to damage or interruption from earthquakes, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks and similar events. They may also be subject to interruptions due to system failures, computer viruses, software errors or subject to breaches of computer hardware and software security, break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and similar misconduct. And while we rely on service level agreements with our hosting provider, if they do not properly maintain their infrastructure or if they incur unplanned outages, our customers may experience performance issues or unexpected interruptions and we may not meet our service level agreement terms with our customers. We have experienced, and expect that in the future we may experience interruptions, delays and outages in service and

availability from time to time due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, website hosting disruptions and capacity constraints.

Any inefficiencies, security vulnerabilities, errors, defects, technical problems or performance failures with our software, internal applications and systems could reduce the quality of our products or interfere with our customers’ (and their users’) use of our products, which could negatively impact our brand and reputation, reduce demand, lead to a loss of customers or revenue, adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, increase our costs to resolve such issues and subject us to financial penalties and liabilities under our service level agreements. Any limitation of liability provisions that may be contained in our customer agreements may not be effective as a result of existing or future applicable law or unfavorable judicial decisions. The sale and support of our products entail the risk of liability claims, which could be substantial in light of the use of our products in enterprise-wide environments. In addition, our insurance against this liability may not be adequate to cover a potential claim.

We depend on a limited number of third-party contract manufacturers for a substantial portion of all of our manufacturing needs and any delay, disruption or quality control problems in their operations, including due to the COVID-19 pandemic, could cause harm to our operations, including loss of market share and damage to our brand.

We depend on third-party contract manufacturers for the production of our 3D printers and on third-party suppliers for the components and raw materials used in our products. While there are several potential manufacturers for most of these products, all of our products are manufactured, assembled, tested and generally packaged by a limited number of third-party manufacturers and several single source providers of certain supplies. In most cases, we rely on these manufacturers to procure components and, in some cases, subcontract engineering work. Our reliance on a limited number of contract manufacturers involves a number of risks, including:

If any of our third-party contract manufacturers experience a delay, disruption or quality control problems in their operations, including due to the COVID-19 pandemic and global supply chain disruptions, or if a primary third-party contract manufacturer does not renew its agreement with us, our operations could be significantly disrupted and our product shipments could be delayed. Qualifying a new manufacturer and commencing volume production is expensive and time consuming. Ensuring that a contract manufacturer is qualified to manufacture our products to our standards is time consuming. In addition, there is no assurance that a contract manufacturer can scale its production of our products at the volumes and in the quality that we require. If a contract manufacturer is unable to do these things, we may have to move production for the products to a new or existing third-party manufacturer, which would take significant effort and our brand, business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Finally, if a contract manufacturer producing a highly specified product changes its materials or is unable to meet our production demands, it could lead to specification changes, increased lead time or cancellation of the product.

As we contemplate moving manufacturing into different jurisdictions, we may be subject to additional significant challenges in ensuring that quality, processes, and costs, among other issues, are consistent with our expectations.

In addition, because we use a limited number of third-party contract manufacturers, increases in the prices charged may have an adverse effect on our results of operations, as we may be unable to find a contract manufacturer who can supply us at a lower price. As a result, the loss of a limited source supplier could adversely affect our relationships with our customers and our results of operations and financial condition.

All of our products must satisfy safety and regulatory standards and some of our products must also receive government certifications. We rely on third-party providers to conduct the tests that support our applications for most regulatory approvals for our products. As part of the certification process, our third-party contract manufacturers are subject to audit and must receive approvals from third-parties providing such certifications. Failure to meet these certifications by our third-party contract manufacturers could adversely impact our business. Moreover, if our third-party contract manufacturers fail to timely and accurately conduct the tests

supporting our applications for regulatory approvals, we may be unable to obtain the necessary domestic or foreign regulatory approvals or certifications to sell our products in certain jurisdictions. As a result, we would be unable to sell our products and our sales and profitability could be reduced, our relationships with our sales channel could be harmed and our reputation and brand would suffer.

Our manufacturing facility and those of our third-party contract manufacturers and suppliers, as well as our customers’ facilities and our third-party logistics providers, are vulnerable to disruption due to natural or other disasters, strikes and other events beyond our control.

A major earthquake, fire, tsunami, hurricane, cyclone or other disaster, such as a major flood, seasonal storms, nuclear event or terrorist attack affecting our facilities or the areas in which they are located, or affecting those of our customers or third-party manufacturers, suppliers or fulfillment centers, could significantly disrupt our or their operations and delay or prevent product shipment or installation during the time required to repair, rebuild or replace our or their damaged manufacturing facilities. These delays could be lengthy and costly. If any of our facilities, or those of our third-party contract manufacturers, suppliers, third-party logistics providers or customers are negatively impacted by such a disaster, production, shipment and installation of our additive manufacturing machines could be delayed, which can impact the period in which we recognize the revenue related to that additive manufacturing machine sale. Additionally, customers may delay purchases of our products until operations return to normal. Even if we are able to respond quickly to a disaster, the continued effects of the disaster could create uncertainty in our business operations. In addition, concerns about terrorism, the effects of a terrorist attack, political turmoil, labor strikes, war or the outbreak of epidemic or pandemic diseases (including the outbreak of the coronavirus disease COVID-19) could have a negative effect on our operations and sales.

Our products and services are distributed across the world, and we derive a substantial percentage of our sales from these international markets. Accordingly, we face significant operational risks from doing business internationally.

Our operating results may be affected by volatility in currency exchange rates and our ability to effectively manage our currency transaction risks. Although we currently invoice customers in United States dollars, increases in the value of the dollar relative to foreign currencies may make our products less attractive to foreign customers. We may also incur currency transaction risks if we were to enter into either a purchase or a sale transaction using a different currency from the currency in which we report revenues. In such cases we may suffer an exchange loss because we do not currently engage in currency swaps or other currency hedging strategies to address this risk. As we realize our strategy to expand internationally, our exposure to currency risks may increase. Given the volatility of exchange rates, we can give no assurance that we will be able to effectively manage our currency transaction risks or that any volatility in currency exchange rates will not have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

The shipments of our products to foreign customers and/or end-users may be subject to tariffs and other restrictions imposed by the destination countries. As we procure equipment and materials from foreign suppliers, we may be required to pay import duties and comply with regulations imposed by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Both the U.S. and foreign tariff rates and import restrictions may change from time to time, which could adversely impact our global operations, for example, by decreasing the price competitiveness of our products in foreign markets and/or by increasing our manufacturing costs.

In addition, additive manufacturing has been identified by the U.S. government as an emerging technology and is currently being further evaluated for national security impacts. We expect additional regulatory changes to be implemented that will result in increased and/or new export controls related to additive manufacturing technologies, components and related materials and software. These changes, if implemented, may result in our being required to obtain additional approvals and/or licenses to sell 3D printers in the global market.

Our failure to effectively manage the risks and uncertainties associated with our global operations could limit the future growth of our business and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Global economic, political and social conditions and uncertainties in the markets that we serve may adversely impact our business.

Our performance depends on the financial health and strength of our customers, which in turn is dependent on the economic conditions of the markets in which we and our customers operate. Declines in the global economy, difficulties in the financial services sector and credit markets, continuing geopolitical uncertainties and other macroeconomic factors all affect the spending behavior of potential customers. Economic uncertainty in Europe, the United States, India, Japan, China and other countries may cause customers and potential customers to further delay or reduce technology purchases.

We also face risks from financial difficulties or other uncertainties experienced by our suppliers, distributors or other third parties on which we rely. If third parties are unable to supply us with required materials or components or otherwise assist us in operating our business, our business could be harmed.

Other changes in U.S. social, political, regulatory and economic conditions or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment could also adversely affect our business. In particular, on June 23, 2016, the U.K. held a referendum in which a majority of the eligible members of the electorate voted to leave the EU, commonly referred to as Brexit. Pursuant to Article 50 of the Treaty on EU, the U.K. ceased being a member state of the EU on January 31, 2020. The implementation period began February 1, 2020 and continued until December 31, 2020, during which the U.K. continued to follow all of the EU’s rules, the EU’s pharmaceutical law remained applicable to the U.K. and the U.K.’s trading relationship remained the same. The U.K. and the EU have signed an EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, or TCA, which became provisionally applicable on January 1, 2021 and will become formally applicable once ratified by both the U.K. and the EU. This agreement provides details on how some aspects of the U.K. and EU’s relationship will operate going forwards however there are still many uncertainties and how the TCA will take effect in practice is still largely unknown. Additionally, there is a risk that other countries may decide to leave the European

Union. This uncertainty surrounding this transition not only potentially affects our business in the United Kingdom and the European Union, but also may have an effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In extreme cases, we could experience interruptions in production due to the processing of customs formalities or reduced customer spending in the wake of weaker economic performance. If global economic conditions remain volatile for a prolonged period or if European economies experience further disruptions, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The effects of regulations relating to conflict minerals may adversely affect our business.

On August 22, 2012, under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the SEC adopted requirements for companies that use certain minerals and metals, known as conflict minerals, in their products, whether or not these products are manufactured by third parties. These requirements require companies to research, disclose and report whether or not such minerals originate from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries. The implementation of these requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of such minerals if they are found to be used in the manufacture of our products, including our 3D printers or materials. In addition, we expect to continue to incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of any of the relevant minerals and metals used in our products. Since our supply chain is complex, we may not be able to sufficiently verify the origins for these minerals and metals used in our products through the due diligence procedures that we implement, which may harm our reputation. In such event, we may also face difficulties in satisfying customers who require that all of the components of our products are certified as conflict mineral free.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from contracts that we have, either directly or through distribution partners and VARs, with federal, state, local and foreign governments and government agencies, and we believe that the success and growth of our business will continue to depend on our successful procurement of government contracts. For example, we have historically derived, and expect to continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue from sales to agencies of the U.S. federal government and governments of other nations, either directly by us or through other distribution partners. Sales to such governments and their agencies are subject to a number of challenges and risks. The procurement process for governments and their agencies is highly competitive, time-consuming, and may, in certain circumstances, be subject to political influence. We incur significant up-front time and expense, which subjects us to additional compliance risks and costs, without any assurance that we (or a third-party distributor or reseller) will win a contract.

Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be adversely affected by certain events or activities, including, but not limited to:

Any such event or activity, among others, could cause governments and governmental agencies to delay or refrain from purchasing our products and services in the future, reduce the size or payment amounts of purchases from existing or new government customers, or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Government programs are limited by budgetary constraints and political considerations and are subject to uncertain future funding levels that could result in the termination of programs.

Government agency and department purchases are often strategic in nature and large in size. Therefore, reductions in funding levels that impact our customers could negatively affect the size of our customers’ orders or lead to cancellation of orders. Government contracts are often subject to more extensive scrutiny and publicity than commercial contracts. The number and terms of new government contracts signed can be affected significantly by political and economic factors, such as pending elections and revisions to government tax policies. Negative publicity related to our government contracts, regardless of its accuracy, may damage our business by affecting our ability to compete for new contracts. A decline in security-related government spending for any reason, or a shift away from programs that we address, could hurt our sales, put pressure on our prices and reduce our revenue and margins. Relatedly, the use of our products by militaries or other government agencies or departments in a way that is perceived negatively by the public could adversely affect our business and reputation.

A multi-year U.S. government program may be implemented through the award of many different individual contracts, grants, cooperative agreements and subcontracts or other subawards. For U.S. government programs, program funding is subject to congressional appropriations. Congress generally appropriates funds on a fiscal year basis even though a program may continue for several years. Government programs are often only partially funded initially, and additional funds are committed only as Congress makes further appropriations. The termination of a program or failure to commit funds to a program would result in a loss of anticipated future revenue attributable to that program, which could materially harm our business.

We are subject to audits by the U.S. government which could adversely affect our business.

U.S. government agencies routinely audit and investigate government contractors to monitor performance, cost allocations, cost accounting and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. Since some of our contracts provide for cost reimbursement, the U.S. government has the right to audit our costs even after job completion and after we have billed and recognized the corresponding revenue. The U.S. government also may review the adequacy of, and a contractor’s compliance with, its internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be improperly allowed or improperly allocated to a specific contract will not be reimbursed, and any such costs that have already been reimbursed must be refunded, which would affect associated revenue that had already been recognized. While we intend to implement uniform procurement and compliance programs for all of our business, we may be subject to more risks from these audits until we are able to implement such a program effectively.

Responding to governmental audits, inquiries or investigations may involve significant expense and divert the attention of our management. If a government review or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, damages, fines and suspension or debarment from doing business with U.S. government agencies. In addition, our reputation could be seriously harmed by allegations of impropriety, even if unfounded. Our internal controls may not prevent or detect all improper or illegal activities.

Our business is subject to laws and regulations that are more restrictive because we are a contractor and subcontractor to the U.S. government.

As a contractor and subcontractor to the U.S. government, we are subject to various laws and regulations that are more restrictive than those applicable to non-government contractors, including the Federal Acquisition Regulations and its supplements, which comprehensively regulate the formation, administration and performance of U.S. government contracts, and the Truth in Negotiations Act and various other laws, which require certain certifications and disclosures. These laws and regulations, among other things:

In addition, we may be subject to industrial security regulations of the U.S. Department of Defense and other federal agencies that are designed to safeguard against unauthorized access by foreigners and others to classified and other sensitive U.S. government information. If we were to come under foreign ownership, control or influence, our U.S. government customers could terminate, or decide not to renew, our contracts, or we may be subjected to burdensome industrial security compliance measures. Such a situation could impair our ability to obtain new contracts and subcontracts. The government may also change its procurement practices or adopt new contracting rules and regulations that could be costly to satisfy or that could impair our ability to obtain new contracts.

Our contracts and those of our VARs with governments may impose requirements that may be unfavorable to us and that may have a material adverse effect on our growth prospects and operating results.

Most of our sales to government entities have been made indirectly through our VARs and other distribution partners. In some cases, we have entered contracts directly with government customers. There are inherent risks in contracting with governments and their agencies. Government customers can typically terminate, reduce orders under or otherwise modify any of its contracts with us or our VARs for its convenience (i.e., without cause) whether or not we have failed to perform under the terms of the applicable contract. In such case, the government would not be required to pay our VARs or us for the lost profits for the unperformed work. A termination arising out of our VARs or our default could expose our VARs or us to liability and harm our VARs or our ability to compete for future contracts and orders. In addition to unfavorable termination provisions, our VARs or our U.S. government contracts and related regulations contain provisions that allow the U.S. government to unilaterally suspend our VARs or us from receiving new contracts pending resolution of alleged violations of procurement laws or regulations, reduce the value of existing contracts, issue modifications to a contract and potentially restrict exports of our products, services and associated materials.

Our VARs or our contracts with government agencies may subject our VARs or us to other risks and give the government additional rights and remedies not typically found in commercial contracts, including rights that allow the government to, for example:

These rights and remedies have the potential to limit our VARs or our sales to, and increase our VARs or our costs of, doing business with both government and commercial customers, which could materially adversely affect our growth prospects and operating results.

Additionally, we sometimes rely on our VARs and other distribution partners to satisfy certain regulatory obligations that we would otherwise have to satisfy if we sold directly to the government entities, and our VARs and other distribution partners may be unable or unwilling to satisfy these obligations in the future. In the event of such termination or change, it may be difficult for us to arrange for another VAR or other distribution partner to sell our solutions to these government entities in a timely manner, and we could lose sales opportunities during the transition.

We are, and have been in the recent past, subject to business and intellectual property litigation.

We have been in the recent past involved in litigation, and we could be involved in additional litigation in the future. In March 2018, Desktop Metal, Inc. (“Desktop Metal”), a direct competitor in the additive manufacturing industry, brought a claim in Massachusetts federal court against us regarding patent infringement and trade secret misappropriation. We counterclaimed for trade secret misappropriation, breach of fiduciary duty, and other matters. A jury trial was held in July 2018 on Desktop Metal’s claims for patent infringement. We prevailed against Desktop Metal’s claims of patent infringement via a jury verdict that found no infringement of the asserted patents. A second jury trial began in September 2018 primarily in connection with our counterclaims, and the parties entered into a confidential settlement agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) covering the disputes between them in October 2018. In October 2019, we submitted an Arbitration Demand with JAMS against Desktop Metal alleging breach of the parties’ Settlement Agreement pursuant to the non-disparagement obligations therein, as well as a violation of M.G.L. c. 93A. Desktop Metal counterclaimed against us for breach of the parties’ Settlement Agreement pursuant to the confidentiality provision therein. The matter proceeded in confidential arbitration and a hearing was held in December 2020. The Arbitration decision was issued on February 26, 2021, and the Arbitrator ruled that neither we nor Desktop Metal were liable pursuant to their respective claims, and that neither party therefore owed any damages to the other.

In July 2021, Continuous Composites Inc. (“Continuous Composites”), a company based out of Idaho, brought a claim in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against us regarding patent infringement. We intend to mount a vigorous defense against Continuous Composites in court. However, we can provide no assurance as to the outcome of any such disputes, and any such actions may result in judgments against us for significant damages. Resolution of any such matters can be prolonged and costly, and the ultimate results or judgments are uncertain due to the inherent uncertainty in litigation and other proceedings.

In addition, the additive manufacturing industry has been, and may continue to be, litigious, particularly with respect to intellectual property claims. Moreover, our potential liabilities are subject to change over time due to new developments, changes in settlement strategy or the impact of evidentiary requirements. Regardless of the outcome, litigation has resulted in the past, and may result in the future, in significant legal expenses and require significant attention and resources of management. As a result, any present or future litigation that may be brought against us by any third party could result in reputational harm, losses, damages and expenses that may have a significant adverse effect on our financial condition.

We could be subject to personal injury, property damage, product liability, warranty and other claims involving allegedly defective products that we supply.

The products we supply are sometimes used in potentially hazardous or critical applications, such as the assembled parts of an aircraft, medical device or automobile. The sale of our products and the provision of related services in general, and to customers in the foregoing industries in particular, exposes us to possible claims for property damage and personal injury or death, which may result from the use of these end-use parts.

While we have not experienced any such claims to date, actual or claimed defects in the products we supply could result in our being named as a defendant in lawsuits asserting potentially large claims. We may be potentially liable, in significant amounts, and face significant harm to our reputation if an aircraft, medical or automotive part, component or accessory or any other aviation, medical or automotive product that we have sold, produced or repaired fails due to our fault, in whole or in part, or if an aircraft or automobile for which we have provided services or in which their parts are installed crashes, and the cause can be linked to those parts or cannot be determined. A similar risk arises in connection with sales of our products to customers in the aerospace industry to the extent that the parts produced by those products do not function properly and are responsible for damages. Our commercial contracts generally contain product warranties and limitations on liability and we carry liability insurance in amounts that we believe are adequate for our risk exposure and commensurate with industry norms. While we intend to monitor our insurance coverage as our business continues to grow, claims may arise in the future, and that insurance coverage may not be adequate or available to protect our consolidated company in all circumstances. Additionally, we might not be able to maintain adequate insurance coverage for our business in the future at an acceptable cost. Any liability claim against us that is not covered by adequate insurance could adversely affect our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. Finally, any liability claim against us may cause harm to our brand, reputation and adversely impact our business.

We could face liability if our additive manufacturing solutions are used by our customers to print dangerous objects.

Customers may use our 3D printers to print parts that could be used in a harmful way or could otherwise be dangerous. For example, there have been news reports that additive manufacturing machines were used to print guns or other weapons. We have little, if any, control over what objects our customers print using our products, and it may be difficult, if not impossible, for us to monitor and prevent customers from printing weapons with our products. Additionally, individuals or entities unaffiliated with us could

disseminate plans or digital files that could be used with our products to produce parts and items that could be deemed illegal or harmful. While we have never printed weapons on any printers in our offices, there can be no assurance that we will not be held liable if someone were injured or killed by a weapon printed by a customer using one of our products. Additionally, association of such an incident with our products may cause harm to our brand reputation and adversely impact our business.

Third parties may produce or sell counterfeit or imitation versions of our materials.

Third parties may sell counterfeit or imitation versions of our materials that are inferior or pose safety risks. If consumers confuse these counterfeit products or materials for our products or materials or have a bad experience with the counterfeit products or materials, they might refrain from purchasing our products or materials in the future, which could harm our reputation and sales. Further, if third parties develop materials that compete favorably on price, and/or meet or exceed the quality and performance of our own materials, we may lose recurring revenue from lost sales of our materials. If we do not maintain favorable perceptions of our products and materials, and if we are unable to compete successfully with third party manufacturers of materials, our brand, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely impacted.

Failure of our global operations to comply with anti-corruption laws and various trade restrictions, such as sanctions and export controls, could have an adverse effect on our business.

We operate in a number of countries throughout the world, including countries known to have a reputation for corruption. Doing business on a global basis requires us to comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations imposed by governments around the world with jurisdiction over our operations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, as well as the laws of the countries where we do business.

We are also subject to various trade restrictions, including trade and economic sanctions and export controls, imposed by governments around the world with jurisdiction over our operations. For example, in accordance with trade sanctions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control and the U.S. Department of Commerce, we are prohibited from engaging in transactions involving certain persons and certain designated countries or territories, including Cuba, Iran, Syria, North Korea and the Crimea Region of Ukraine. In addition, our products are subject to export regulations that can involve significant compliance time and may add additional overhead cost to our products. In recent years the United States government has a renewed focus on export matters. For example, the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 and regulatory guidance thereunder have imposed additional controls, and may result in the imposition of further additional controls, on the export of certain “emerging and foundational technologies.” Our current and future products may be subject to these heightened regulations, which could increase our compliance costs. For instance, recent amendments to the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”) increased restrictions on exports to certain “military end-users” and for “military end-uses” by certain persons in Burma, China, Iraq, Russia, or Venezuela, which requires us to perform due diligence on customers and end-users in those countries for potential military connections.

We also need to monitor the changes in export-related laws and regulations, such as International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”), and their applicability to our products and services. If our products or services become subject to the ITAR, we may be required to obtain licenses, clearances, or authorizations from various regulatory entities. If we are not allowed to export our products or services, or if the clearance process is burdensome, our ability to generate revenue would be adversely affected and our operating costs could increase.

In addition, international sales of certain of our products may be subject to local laws and regulations in foreign jurisdictions which we may not be familiar with. We may not be allowed to ship our products to certain countries without meeting their local laws and regulations. The failure to comply with any of these laws or regulations could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business and generate revenues.

We are committed to doing business in accordance with applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations and with applicable trade restrictions. We are subject, however, to the risk that our affiliated entities or our and our affiliates’ respective officers, directors, employees and agents (including distributors and VARs of our products) may take action determined to be in violation of such laws and regulations. Any violation by us or by any of these persons could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil and/or criminal penalties, or curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our operating results. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business.

Although we take precautions to prevent violations of applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations and applicable trade restrictions, we may have exported products in the past in apparent violation of the EAR. If we are found to be in violation of U.S. export control laws, it could result in substantial fines and penalties for us and for the individuals working for us. We may also be adversely affected through other penalties, reputational harm, loss of access to certain markets or otherwise.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety laws and regulations related to our operations and the use of our 3D printers and materials, which could subject us to compliance costs and/or potential liability.

We are subject to domestic and foreign environmental, health and safety laws and regulations governing our operations. A certain risk of environmental liability is inherent in our production activities. These laws and regulations govern, among other things, the generation, use, storage, registration, handling, transport and disposal of chemicals and waste materials, the presence of specified substances in electrical products; the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air or water; the investigation and cleanup of contaminated sites, including any contamination that results from spills due to our failure to properly dispose of chemicals and other waste materials and the health and safety of our employees. As such, our operations, including our production activities, carry an inherent risk of environmental, health and safety liabilities. Under these laws and regulations, we could be subject to liability for improper disposal of chemicals and waste materials, including those resulting from the use of our systems and accompanying materials by end-users. Accidents or other incidents that occur at our facilities or involve our personnel or operations could result in claims for damages against us. In the event we are found to be financially responsible, as a result of environmental or other laws or by court order, for environmental damages alleged to have been caused by us or occurring on our premises, we could be required to pay substantial monetary damages or undertake expensive remedial obligations. If our operations fail to comply with such laws or regulations, we may be subject to fines and other civil, administrative or criminal sanctions, including the revocation of permits and licenses necessary to continue our business activities, or may be required to make significant expenditures to achieve compliance. In addition, we may be required to pay damages or civil judgments in respect of third-party claims, including those relating to personal injury (including exposure to hazardous substances that we generate, use, store, handle, transport, manufacture or dispose of), property damage or contribution claims. Some environmental laws allow for strict, joint and several liabilities for remediation costs, regardless of fault. We may be identified as a potentially responsible party under such laws. The amount of any costs, including fines or damages payments that we might incur under such circumstances could substantially exceed any insurance we have to cover such losses. Any of these events, alone or in combination, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could adversely affect our reputation.

We may be subject to environmental laws and regulations concerning the import and export of chemicals and hazardous substances including, without limitation, the United States Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”) and the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemical Substances (“REACH”). These laws and regulations require the testing and registration of some chemicals that we ship along with, or that form a part of, our systems and other products. If we fail to comply with these or similar laws and regulations, we may be required to make significant expenditures to reformulate the chemicals that we use in our products and materials or incur costs to register such chemicals to gain and/or regain compliance. Additionally, we could be subject to significant fines or other civil and criminal penalties should we not achieve such compliance.

The cost of complying with current and future environmental, health and safety laws applicable to our operations, or the liabilities arising from releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances, may result in future expenditures. Any of these developments, alone or in combination, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Aspects of our business are subject to laws and regulations governing privacy and data security. Changes in laws, regulations, and public perception concerning data protection and privacy, or changes in the interpretation or patterns of enforcement of existing laws and regulations, could impair our efforts to maintain and expand our customer base or the ability of our customers to use our services. Breaches of laws and regulations concerning data protection and privacy could expose us to significant fines and other penalties.

We hold personal information about a variety of individuals, such as our employees, prospects, and our customers. Processing of personal information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation in numerous jurisdictions around the world.

For example, relevant applicable laws and regulations governing the collection, use, disclosure or other processing of personal information include, in the United States, rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of the Federal Trade Commission, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”) and state breach notification laws. In particular, the CCPA, among other things, requires covered ‘Businesses’ to provide new disclosures to California consumers and afford such consumers new rights with respect to their personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation.

In 2020, California passed the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”). Among other changes to the CCPA, the CPRA expands consumer rights, introduces data minimization and retention requirements, and creates the first dedicated privacy regulator in the United States. The CPRA will take effect in 2023, when comprehensive privacy laws recently passed in Virginia and Colorado will also take effect.

These laws have prompted a number of proposals for new federal and state-level privacy legislation. Such proposed legislation, if enacted, may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.

Moreover, we maintain offices in the European Union (“EU”) (Ireland) and we have customers in the EU and the United Kingdom (“UK”). Accordingly, we are subject to the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (the “GDPR”), and related member state implementing legislation, and to the UK’s Data Protection Act 2018 (collectively, “European Data Protection Law”). European Data Protection Law places obligations on controllers and processors of personal data, while establishing rights for individuals with respect to their personal data. European Data Protection Law is also explicitly extraterritorial in its application, and could affect our business activities in jurisdictions outside the EU and the UK. Additionally, European Data Protection Law imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data outside of the EU to countries that do not ensure an adequate level of protection, like the United States. These transfers are prohibited unless an appropriate safeguard specified by the GDPR is implemented, such as the Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) or binding corporate rules. The Court of Justice of the European Union (the “CJEU”) recently deemed that these transfers need to be analyzed on a case-by-case basis to ensure EU standards of data protection are met in the jurisdiction where the data importer is based. European regulators have issued recent guidance that imposes significant new diligence requirements on transferring data outside the EU. Complying with this guidance is and will continue to be expensive and time consuming and may ultimately prevent us from transferring personal data outside the EU, which would cause significant business disruption. The GDPR imposes sanctions for violations up to the greater of €20 million and 4% of worldwide gross annual revenue, enables individuals to claim damages for violations and introduces the right for non-profit organizations to bring claims on behalf of data subjects.

The regulatory framework governing the collection, processing, storage, use and sharing of personal information is rapidly evolving and is likely to continue to be subject to uncertainty and varying interpretations. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our services and platform capabilities. We cannot yet fully determine the impact these or future laws, rules, regulations and industry standards may have on our business or operations. Additionally, our customers may be subject to differing privacy laws, rules and legislation, which may mean that they require us to be bound by varying contractual requirements applicable to certain other jurisdictions. Adherence to such contractual requirements may impact our collection, use, processing, storage, sharing and disclosure of personal information and may mean we become bound by, or voluntarily comply with, self-regulatory or other industry standards relating to these matters that may further change as laws, rules and regulations evolve. We have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant expenses to comply with evolving mandatory privacy and security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards, shifting merchant and customer expectations, or contractual obligations, and we may not be able to respond quickly or effectively to regulatory, legislative and other developments. These changes may in turn impair our ability to offer our existing or planned features, products and services and/or increase our cost of doing business.

We publicly post documentation regarding our privacy practices. Although we endeavor to comply with our published policies and documentation, we may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies or any applicable privacy, security or data protection, information security or consumer-protection related laws, regulations, orders or industry standards could expose us to costly litigation, significant awards, fines or judgments, civil and/or criminal penalties or negative publicity, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The publication of our privacy policy and other documentation that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security can subject us to potential state and federal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our actual practices, which could, individually or in the aggregate, materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on our software and information technology systems to manage numerous aspects of our business and a disruption of these systems could adversely affect our business.

We rely on our information technology systems to manage numerous aspects of our business, including to efficiently purchase products from our suppliers, provide procurement and logistic services, ship products to our customers, receive orders from our customers, manage our accounting and financial functions, including our internal controls, and maintain our research and development data. Our information technology systems are an essential component of our business and any disruption could significantly limit our ability to manage and operate our business efficiently. A failure of our information technology systems to perform properly could disrupt our supply chain, product development and customer experience, which may lead to increased overhead costs and decreased sales and have an adverse effect on our reputation and our financial condition. In particular, our integrated software platform is an essential system that virtually all of our customers depend on for their design needs. If our integrated software platform were to fail, we could face adverse consequences to our results of operations, financial condition and business reputation. In addition, during the

COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial portion of our employees are conducting work remotely, making us more dependent on potentially vulnerable communications systems and making us more vulnerable to cyberattacks.

Although we take steps and incur significant costs to secure our information technology systems, including our computer systems, intranet and internet sites, email and other telecommunications and data networks, our security measures may not be effective and our systems may be vulnerable to damage or interruption. Disruption to our information technology systems could result from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, cyber-attack or other security breaches, catastrophic events such as fires, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, acts of war, terrorism and usage errors by our employees.

Our reputation and financial condition could be adversely affected if, as a result of a significant cyber-event or otherwise:

In addition, any unauthorized access, disclosure or other loss or unauthorized use of information or data could result in legal claims or proceedings, regulatory investigations or actions, and other types of liability under laws that protect the privacy and security of personal information, including federal, state and foreign data protection and privacy regulations, violations of which could result in significant penalties and fines. In addition, although we seek to detect and investigate all data security incidents, security breaches and other incidents of unauthorized access to our information technology systems and data can be difficult to detect and any delay in identifying such breaches or incidents may lead to increased harm and legal exposure.

The cost of investigating, mitigating and responding to potential data security breaches and complying with applicable breach notification obligations to individuals, regulators, partners and others can be significant. Our insurance policies may not be adequate to compensate us for the potential costs and other losses arising from such disruptions, failures or security breaches. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly, divert management attention and harm our reputation.

If our computer systems are damaged or cease to function properly, or, if we do not replace or upgrade certain systems, we may incur substantial costs to repair or replace them and may experience an interruption of our normal business activities or loss of critical data. Any such disruption could adversely affect our reputation and financial condition.

We also rely on information technology systems maintained by third parties, including third-party cloud computing services and the computer systems of our suppliers for both our internal operations and our customer-facing infrastructure related to our additive manufacturing solutions. These systems are also vulnerable to the types of interruption and damage described above but we have less ability to take measures to protect against such disruptions or to resolve them if they were to occur. Information technology problems faced by third parties on which we rely could adversely impact our business and financial condition as well as negatively impact our brand reputation.

Any unauthorized control or manipulation of our products’ systems could result in loss of confidence in us and our products and harm our business.

Our products contain complex information technology systems. For example, our additive manufacturing machines are designed with built-in data connectivity to accept and install periodic remote updates from us to monitor, improve and update their functionality. We have designed, implemented and tested security measures intended to prevent unauthorized access to our information technology networks, our products and their systems. However, hackers may attempt to gain unauthorized access to modify, alter and use such networks, products and systems to gain control of, or to change, our products’ functionality, user interface and performance characteristics, or to gain access to data stored in or generated by our products. We encourage reporting of potential vulnerabilities in the security of our products and we aim to remedy any reported and verified vulnerability. Accordingly, we have received reports of potential vulnerabilities in the past and have attempted to remedy them. However, there can be no assurance that vulnerabilities will not be exploited in the future before they can be identified, or that our remediation efforts are or will be successful.

Any unauthorized access to or control of our products or their systems or any loss of data could result in legal claims or proceedings. In addition, regardless of their veracity, reports of unauthorized access to our products, their systems or data, as well as

other factors that may result in the perception that our products, their systems or data are capable of being “hacked,” could negatively affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Our business has risks that may not be adequately covered by insurance or indemnity.

We may face unanticipated risks of legal liability for damages caused by the actual or alleged failure of our products. While we have attempted to secure liability insurance coverage at an appropriate cost, it is impossible to adequately insure against all risks inherent in our industry, nor can we assure you that our insurers will pay a particular claim, or that we will be able to maintain coverage at reasonable rates in the future. Our insurance policies also contain deductibles, limitations and exclusions, which increase our costs in the event of a claim. Even a partially uninsured claim of significant size, if successful, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition. In addition, we may not be able to continue to obtain insurance coverage on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and our existing policies may be cancelled or otherwise terminated by the insurer. Maintaining adequate insurance and successfully accessing insurance coverage that may be due for a claim can require a significant amount of our management’s time, and we may be forced to spend a substantial amount of money in that process. Substantial claims in excess of or not otherwise covered by indemnity or insurance could harm our financial condition and operating results.

We may not be able to adequately protect our proprietary and intellectual property rights in our data or technology.

Our success is dependent, in part, upon protecting our proprietary information and technology. Our intellectual property portfolio primarily consists of patents, patent applications, registered and unregistered trademarks, unregistered copyrights, domain names, know-how, and trade secrets. We may be unsuccessful in adequately protecting our intellectual property.

Our trade secrets, know-how and other unregistered proprietary rights are a key aspect of our intellectual property portfolio. While we take reasonable steps to protect our trade secrets and confidential information and enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements intended to protect such rights, such agreements can be difficult and costly to enforce or may not provide adequate remedies if violated, and we may not have entered into such agreements with all relevant parties. Such agreements may be breached and trade secrets or confidential information may be willfully or unintentionally disclosed, including by employees who may leave our company and join our competitors, or our competitors or other parties may learn of the information in some other way. Additionally, certain unauthorized use of our intellectual property may go undetected, or we may face legal or practical barriers to enforcing our legal rights even where unauthorized use is detected. The disclosure to, or independent development by, a competitor of any of our trade secrets, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent or other intellectual property system could materially reduce or eliminate any competitive advantage that we may have over such competitor. This concern could manifest itself in particular with respect to our proprietary materials that are used with our systems. Portions of our proprietary materials may not be afforded patent protection. Chemical companies or other producers of raw materials used in our materials may be able to develop materials that are compatible to a large extent with our products, whether independently or in contravention of our trade secret rights and related proprietary and contractual rights. If such materials are made available to owners of our systems, and are purchased in place of our proprietary materials, our revenues and profitability would be reduced, and we could be forced to reduce prices for our proprietary materials.

Current laws may not provide for adequate protection of our products, especially in foreign jurisdictions which may have laws that provide insufficient protections to companies. In addition, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of proprietary rights in internet-related businesses are uncertain and evolving, and changes in these standards may adversely impact the viability or value of our proprietary rights. Some license provisions protecting against unauthorized use, copying, transfer, and disclosure of our products, or certain aspects of our products may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions. Further, the laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and the laws and mechanisms for protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries may be inadequate. As we continue to operate in foreign countries and expand our international activities, we have encountered and may in the future encounter challenges in navigating the laws of foreign countries, which may adversely affect our ability to protect our proprietary rights. Further, competitors, foreign governments, foreign government-backed actors, criminals, or other third parties may gain unauthorized access to our proprietary information and technology. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our technology and intellectual property or claiming that we infringe upon or misappropriate their technology and intellectual property.

To protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor, protect, and defend these rights, and we may or may not be able to detect infringement by our customers or third parties. Litigation has been and may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to protect our trade secrets. Such litigation could be costly, time consuming, and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property.

Furthermore, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our platform, impair the functionality of our platform, delay introductions of new features, integrations, and capabilities, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our platform, or injure our reputation. In addition, we may be required to license additional technology from third parties to develop and market new features, integrations, and capabilities, and we cannot be certain that we could license that technology on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and our inability to license this technology could harm our ability to compete.

If third parties claim that we infringe upon or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights, our business could be adversely affected.

We have in the past and may in the future be subject to claims that we have infringed or otherwise violated third parties’ intellectual property rights. There is patent, copyright and other intellectual property development and enforcement activity in our industry and relating to the additive manufacturing technology we use in our business. Our future success depends in part on not infringing upon or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, our competitors or other third parties (including non-practicing entities and patent holding companies) may claim that we are infringing upon or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon or otherwise violating such rights. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights of others that may cover some or all of our current or future technology or conflict with our rights, and the patent, copyright, and other intellectual property rights of others may limit our ability to improve our technology and compete effectively. Any claims of intellectual property infringement or other intellectual property violations, even those without merit, could:

Any royalty or licensing agreements, if required, may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. A successful claim of infringement against us could result in our being required to pay significant damages, enter into costly settlement agreements, or prevent us from offering our platform or products, any of which could have a negative impact on our operating profits and harm our future prospects. We may also be obligated to indemnify our customers or business partners in connection with any such litigation and to obtain licenses, modify our platform or products, or refund premium subscription fees, which could further exhaust our resources. Such disputes could also disrupt our platform or products, adversely affecting our customer satisfaction and ability to attract customers.

If we are unable to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, such information may be used by others to compete against us, in particular in developing materials that could be used with our printing systems in place of our proprietary materials.

We have devoted substantial resources to the development of our technology and related intellectual property rights. Our success and future revenue growth will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely on a combination of registered and unregistered intellectual property and protect our rights using patents, licenses, trademarks, trade secrets, confidentiality and assignment of invention agreements and other methods.

Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, it is possible that competitors or other unauthorized third parties may obtain, copy, use or disclose our technologies, inventions, processes or improvements. We cannot assure you that any of our existing or future patents or other intellectual property rights will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or will otherwise provide us with meaningful protection. Our pending patent applications may not be granted, and we may not be able to obtain foreign patents or pending applications corresponding to our U.S. patents. Even if foreign patents are granted, effective enforcement in foreign countries may not be available.

leave our company and join our competitors, or our competitors or other parties may learn of the information in some other way. The disclosure to, or independent development by, a competitor of any of our trade secrets, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent or other intellectual property system could materially reduce or eliminate any competitive advantage that we may have over such competitor. This concern could manifest itself in particular with respect to our proprietary materials that are used with our systems. Portions of our proprietary materials may not be afforded patent protection. Chemical companies or other producers of raw materials used in our materials may be able to develop materials that are compatible to a large extent with our products, whether independently or in contravention of our trade secret rights and related proprietary and contractual rights. If such materials are made available to owners of our systems, and are purchased in place of our proprietary materials, our revenues and profitability would be reduced, and we could be forced to reduce prices for our proprietary materials.

If our patents and other intellectual property do not adequately protect our technology, our competitors may be able to offer products similar to ours. Our competitors may also be able to develop similar technology independently or design around our patents and other intellectual property. Any of the foregoing events would lead to increased competition and reduce our revenue or gross margin, which would adversely affect our operating results.

If we attempt enforcement of our intellectual property rights, we may be, and have been in the past, subject or party to claims, negotiations or complex, protracted litigation. Intellectual property disputes and litigation, regardless of merit, can be costly and disruptive to our business operations by diverting attention and energies of management and key technical personnel and by increasing our costs of doing business. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

As part of any settlement or other compromise to avoid complex, protracted litigation, we may agree not to pursue future claims against a third party, including related to alleged infringement of our intellectual property rights. Part of any settlement or other compromise with another party may resolve a potentially costly dispute but may also have future repercussions on our ability to defend and protect our intellectual property rights, which in turn could adversely affect our business.

Our additive manufacturing technology contains third-party open-source software components, and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open-source software licenses could restrict our ability to commercialize our products.

Our additive manufacturing technology contains components that are licensed under so-called “open source,” “free” or other similar licenses. Open source software is made available to the general public on an “as-is” basis under the terms of a non-negotiable license. We currently combine our proprietary software with open source software and intend to continue doing so in the future. Additionally, we make some of our source code available under open source licenses, which may limit our ability to protect our intellectual property rights in our source code and prevent our competitors or others from using such source code. Our use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software because open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, if we combine our proprietary software with open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open source licenses, be required to disclose or make available the source code of our proprietary software to third parties. We may also face claims alleging noncompliance with open source license terms or infringement or misappropriation of third-party intellectual property rights in open source software. These claims could result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or remove the software. In addition, if the license terms for open source software that we use change, we may be forced to re-engineer our solutions, incur additional costs or discontinue the sale of our offerings if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis. Although we monitor our use of open source software to avoid subjecting our offerings to unintended conditions, there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our offerings. We cannot guarantee that we have incorporated open source software in our software in a manner that will not subject us to liability or in a manner that is consistent with our current policies and procedures.

We will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management are required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and rules subsequently implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") have imposed various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes Oxley Act”), we are required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting, including an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we are not required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act within the prescribed period, we are engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm will be able to conclude within the prescribed timeframe that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. This could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. In addition, if we are not able to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on NYSE.

Changes in accounting rules and regulations, or interpretations thereof, could result in unfavorable accounting charges or require us to change our compensation policies.

Accounting methods and policies for public companies are subject to review, interpretation and guidance from our independent registered accounting firm and relevant accounting authorities, including the SEC. Changes to accounting methods or policies, or interpretations thereof, may require us to reclassify, restate or otherwise change or revise our consolidated financial statements.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls.

Our management team has limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws, rules and regulations that govern public companies. As a public company, we are subject to significant obligations relating to reporting, procedures and internal controls, and our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage such obligations. These obligations and scrutiny require significant attention from our management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our internal controls over financial reporting currently do not meet all of the standards contemplated by Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, and failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act could impair our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We operated as a private company until July 2021. Our management has significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls as a public company. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. If we are unable to establish or maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis or result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements, which could harm our operating results. In addition, we are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment needs to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting.

The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation. Testing and maintaining internal controls may divert management’s attention from other matters that are important to our business. Our independent registered public accounting

firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. If we are not able to complete our initial assessment of our internal controls and otherwise implement the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act in a timely manner or with adequate compliance, our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting.

In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we believe certain non-GAAP measures may be useful in evaluating our operating performance. We present certain non-GAAP financial measures in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and intend to continue to present certain non-GAAP financial measures in future filings with the SEC and other public statements. Any failure to accurately report and present our non-GAAP financial measures could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.



These material weaknesses resulted in audit adjustments to the following financial statement line items in our financial statements: operating expense, other expense, interest expense, other assets, other liabilities, additional paid in capital, treasury stock, retained earnings, note receivable—equity, and series D preferred stock. These adjustments were recorded prior to the issuance of the consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. The material weakness related to accounting for warrant instruments resulted in the restatement of the previously issued financial statements of the entity acquired as part of the July 14, 2021 merger agreement related to warrant liabilities and equity. Additionally, these material weaknesses could result in a misstatement of substantially all of our accounts or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.



risk of material misstatement to one or more assertions, along with the IT controls and underlying data that support the effectiveness of system-generated data and reports) that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, management has determined these deficiencies in the aggregate constitute a material weakness.

We are in the process of designing and implementing controls and taking other actions to remediate the material weaknesses described above, including the following:



Designing and implementing controls to timely identify and account for non-routine, unusual or complex transactions and other technical accounting and financial reporting matters, including controls over the preparation and review of accounting memoranda addressing these matters.

We have begun to hire additional accounting and IT personnel, including the hiring of a new chief financial officer in March 2021, engaged third party resources to assist it in designing and implementing controls related to period-end financial reporting, segregation of duties, and IT general controls, and begun to implement appropriate segregation of duties in the operation of manual controls. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until management completes the design and implementation of the measures described above and the controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective.

We are working to remediate the material weaknesses as efficiently and effectively as possible and expect full remediation could potentially go beyond December 31, 2021. At this time, we cannot provide an estimate of costs expected to be incurred in connection with implementing this remediation plan; however, these remediation measures will be time consuming, will result in us incurring significant costs, and will place significant demands on our financial and operational resources.

Our ability to use net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited following the Merger.

We have incurred substantial losses during our history and our ability to become profitable in the near future is uncertain. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire (if at all). As of December 31, 2020, we had federal NOL carryforwards of approximately $65.3 million, of which $15.0 million are subject to expire at various times beginning in 2033, and $50.3 million that have no expiration date and will be carried forward indefinitely. We also had state NOL carryforwards of approximately $33.1 million that will begin to expire in 2027, unless previously utilized. On December 31, 2020, we had federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $2.0 million and $1.3 million, respectively. The federal research and development credit carryforwards will begin expiring in 2033 while the state credit carryforwards will begin expiring in 2029, unless previously utilized.

Federal NOLs incurred in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2021 may be carried back to each of the five tax years preceding such loss, and NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2020 may not be carried back. Because we have had no taxable income in prior years, we do not anticipate carrying back any of our net operating losses. Moreover, federal NOLs generated in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017, may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal NOLs may be limited to 80% of our taxable income annually for tax years beginning after December 31, 2020. Our NOL carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the IRS, and state tax authorities. In addition, in general, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change NOLs or tax credits to offset future taxable income or taxes. For these purposes, an ownership change generally occurs where the aggregate stock ownership of one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of a corporation’s

stock increases their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within a specified testing period. Our existing NOLs or credits may be subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, and future changes in our stock ownership, many of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. Our NOLs or credits may also be impaired under state law. Accordingly, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOLs or credits. If we determine that an ownership change has occurred and our ability to use our historical NOLs or credits is materially limited, it would harm our future operating results by effectively increasing our future tax obligations. Section 382 and 383 of the Code would apply to all net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards, whether the carryforward period is indefinite or not. If we earn taxable income, such limitations could result in increased future tax liability to us and our future cash flows could be adversely affected. We have recorded a full valuation allowance related to our NOLs and other deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of the ultimate realization of the future benefits of those assets.

Comprehensive tax reform legislation could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The rules dealing with U.S. federal, state and local income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect us or holders of our common stock. In recent years, many changes have been made and changes are likely to continue to occur in the future.

Additional changes to U.S. federal income tax law are currently being contemplated. Future changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations. It cannot be predicted whether, when, in what form, or with what effective dates, new tax laws may be enacted, or regulations and rulings may be enacted, promulgated or issued under existing or new tax laws, which could result in an increase in our or our stockholders’ tax liability or require changes in the manner in which we operate in order to minimize or mitigate any adverse effects of changes in tax law or in the interpretation thereof.

Additional Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock and Us Operating as a Public Company

The price of our Common Stock as well as our Common Stock Warrants may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:



general economic and political conditions, such as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, global supply chain disruptions, recessions, interest rates, local and national elections, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability and acts of war or terrorism.

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our Common Stock and warrants regardless of the operating performance of us.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as its board of directors deems relevant.

If analysts do not publish research about our business or if they publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that analysts publish about our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. We currently have limited research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If other securities or industry analysts do not commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock could be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If few analysts cover us, demand for our common stock could decrease and our common stock price and trading volume may decline. Similar results may occur if one or more of these analysts stop covering us in the future or fail to publish reports on us regularly.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

Future issuances and/or resales of our Common Stock may increase the volatility of and/or cause the market price of our securities to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Pursuant to the lock-up restrictions agreed to into in connection with the Merger Agreement, subject to certain exceptions, A-Star, the sponsor of one (the “Sponsor”), and certain related parties and certain of our stockholders (who collectively own approximately 77.6% of our outstanding Common Stock) are contractually restricted from selling or transferring any of its or their shares of common stock (the “Lock-up Shares”). Such restrictions began at the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”) and end 180 days after Closing.

In addition, 14,666,667 shares of our Common Stock may be issued as Markforged Earnout Shares upon satisfaction of the Earnout Triggering Events, and additional shares may be issued upon exercise of the outstanding Common Warrants. To the extent such additional shares of our Common Stock are issued, it will result in dilution to the holders of our Common Stock and an increase to the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales, or the potential for sales, of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could increase the volatility of and/or adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

The obligations associated with being a public company involve significant expenses and require significant resources and management attention, which may divert from our business operations.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Exchange Act requires the filing of annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to a public company’s business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that a public company establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not previously incur. Our entire management team and many of its other employees will need to devote substantial time to compliance, and may not effectively or efficiently manage its transition into a public company.

These rules and regulations result in us incurring substantial legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, these rules and regulations will likely continue to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and it may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on its board of directors, its board committees or as executive officers.

We are currently an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act, and to the extent we have taken advantage of certain exemptions from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies, this could make our securities less attractive to investors and may make it more difficult to compare our performance with other public companies.

We are currently an “emerging growth company” within the meaning of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of our reliance on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company, which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period, difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

When we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will no longer be able to take advantage of certain exemptions from reporting, and, absent other exemptions or relief available from the SEC, we will also be required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We will incur additional expenses in connection with such compliance and our management will need to devote additional time and effort to implement and comply with such requirements.

Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

The DGCL and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, and therefore depress the trading price of our Common Stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of our board of directors or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. Among other things, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions regarding:



the ability of our board of directors to issue shares of preferred stock, including “blank check” preferred stock and to determine the price and other terms of those shares, including preferences and voting rights, without stockholder approval, which could be used to significantly dilute the ownership of a hostile acquirer;



the board of directors are classified into three classes, with only one class being elected each year to serve three-year terms. As a result, in most circumstances, a person can gain control of our board only by successfully engaging in a proxy contest at two or more annual stockholders meetings;



the ability of our board of directors to amend the bylaws, which may allow our board of directors to take additional actions to prevent an unsolicited takeover and inhibit the ability of an acquirer to amend the bylaws to facilitate an unsolicited takeover attempt; and



advance notice procedures with which stockholders must comply to nominate candidates to our board of directors or to propose matters to be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which could preclude stockholders from bringing matters before annual or special meetings of stockholders and delay changes in our board of directors and also may discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

The provisions of our bylaws requiring exclusive forum in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States for certain types of lawsuits may have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against the directors and officers of us, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable.

Our bylaws provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, and unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that such court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for any state law claims for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (ii) any action asserting a claim for or based on a breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer or other employee of us to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or the Bylaws or Certificate of Incorporation (as either may be amended from time to time) (including the interpretation, validity and enforceability thereof), (iv) any action asserting a claim related to or involving us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, and (v) any action asserting an “internal corporate claim” as that term is defined in Section 115 of the DGCL (the “Delaware Forum Provision”). The Delaware Forum Provision, however, does not apply to actions or claims arising under the Exchange Act. The Bylaws also provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternate forum, the sole and exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, will be the Federal District Courts of the United States (the “Federal Forum Provision,” and with the Delaware Forum Provision, the “Exclusive Forum Provisions”). In addition, the Bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to the Delaware Forum Provision and the Federal Forum Provision. However, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder; our cannot and will not be deemed to have waived compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

These provisions may impose additional litigation costs on stockholders in pursuing any such claims and have the effect of discouraging certain lawsuits, including derivative lawsuits and lawsuits against our directors and officers of, by limiting plaintiffs’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that they find favorable. In addition, while the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in March 2020 that federal forum selection provisions purporting to require claims under the Securities Act be brought in federal court are “facially valid” under Delaware law, there is uncertainty as to whether other courts will enforce our Federal Forum Provision. The Federal Forum Provision may also impose additional litigation costs on stockholders who assert that the provision is not enforceable or invalid, and if the Federal Forum Provision is found to be unenforceable, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters. The Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the Federal District Courts of the United States may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder considering an action may be located or would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments may be more or less favorable to us than our stockholders.

The private placement warrants issued to the Sponsor, and the contingent earnout liability, are accounted for as liabilities recorded at fair value upon issuance with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock.

Under U.S. GAAP, we are required to evaluate our warrants to determine whether they should be accounted for as a warrant liability or as equity. We have concluded that the warrants contain provisions requiring liability classification. Therefore, we are accounting for the warrants as a warrant liability and are recording that liability at fair value upon issuance. We will record any subsequent changes in fair value as of the end of each period for which earnings are reported. The impact of changes in fair value on earnings may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock and may cause fluctuations in our results of operations based on factors that are outside of our control.

Additionally, the Markforged Earnout Shares are also accounted for as a liability because the triggering events that determine the number of shares to be earned included events that were not indexed to our Common Stock. These liabilities are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date. With each such re-measurement, the earnout liability will be adjusted to fair value, with a

resulting non-cash gain or loss related to the change in the fair value being recognized in our earnings in the statement of operations. The impact of changes in fair value on earnings may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock. Due to the recurring fair value measurement, we expect that we will recognize non-cash gains or losses for each future reporting period and that the amount of such gains or losses could be material.

From the period July 1, 2021 through September 20, 2021, the date of effectiveness of our Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-259665), two employees exercised option awards for 8,391 shares of unregistered common stock. Such sales were deemed to be exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, in reliance upon Section 4(a)(2) of the Act.

The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

* These certifications are furnished to the SEC pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


Delaware	98-1545859
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

480 Pleasant Street Watertown, MA	02472
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)



		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	1
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)	2
	Unaudited Statement of Changes in Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Unaudited Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	35
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	35
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	37
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	37
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	37
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	71
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	71
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	71
Item 5.	Other Information	71
Item 6.	Exhibits	72
Signatures		73


	September 30, 2021			December 31, 2020
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	296,735		$	58,715
Accounts receivable, net		24,071			16,601
Inventory		11,270			6,553
Prepaid expenses		5,397			1,496
Other current assets		511			1,373
Total current assets		337,984			84,738
Property and equipment, net		5,335			4,281
Other assets		773			584
Total assets	$	344,092		$	89,603
Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock, and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	$	2,213		$	3,369
Accrued expenses		13,641			8,168
Deferred revenue		5,552			6,196
Other current liabilities		294			300
Total current liabilities		21,700			18,033
Long-term debt		—			5,022
Long-term deferred revenue		3,130			2,905
Deferred rent		1,426			1,073
Contingent earnout liability		80,419			—
Other liabilities		4,284			545
Total liabilities		110,959			27,578
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Convertible preferred stock (Note 9)		—			137,497
Stockholders’ equity (deficit)
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000,000 and 183,300,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020; 185,697,959 and 39,510,108 shares issued at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively		19			4
Additional paid-in capital		312,084			5,538
Treasury stock, 0 shares at September 30, 2021 and 483,479 shares at December 31, 2020		—			(1,450	)
Accumulated deficit		(78,970	)		(79,564	)
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)		233,133			(75,472	)
Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock, and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	$	344,092		$	89,603


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Revenue	$	24,045		$	15,639		$	64,584		$	47,514
Cost of revenue		10,330			6,319			26,729			21,316
Gross profit		13,715			9,320			37,855			26,198
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing		10,399			4,982			25,711			16,744
Research and development		9,761			4,031			21,487			12,883
General and administrative		15,935			3,889			32,770			11,138
Total operating expenses		36,095			12,902			79,968			40,765
Loss from operations		(22,380	)		(3,582	)		(42,113	)		(14,567	)
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		1,418			(66	)		170			(79	)
Change in fair value of contingent earnout liability		42,710			-			42,710			-
Other (expense) income, net		(48	)		(25	)		(168	)		11
Interest expense		(6	)		(23	)		(15	)		(51	)
Interest income		6			3			9			146
Profit (loss) before income taxes		21,700			(3,693	)		593			(14,540	)
Income tax (benefit) expense		(3	)	26				(1	)		113
Net profit (loss) and comprehensive income (loss)	$	21,703		$	(3,719	)	$	594		$	(14,653	)
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic		162,942,990			38,545,607			81,373,265			38,149,992
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted		167,091,320			38,545,607			85,407,166			38,149,992
Net profit (loss) per share - basic	$	0.13		$	(0.10	)	$	0.01		$	(0.38	)
Net profit (loss) per share - diluted		0.13			(0.10	)		0.01			(0.38	)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020
Operating Activities:
Net profit (loss)	$	594		$	(14,653	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities
Depreciation		1,269			1,361
Provision for doubtful accounts		205			111
Reserve for excess and obsolete inventory		152			458
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		(170	)		79
Change in fair value of contingent earnout liability		(42,710	)		-
Stock-based compensation expense		11,395			1,528
Transaction costs expensed		1,996			-
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Accounts receivable		(7,676	)		4,485
Inventory		(4,869	)		(3,500	)
Prepaid expenses		(3,901	)		(70	)
Other current assets		861			1,090
Other assets		(185	)		-
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		4,317			(1,068	)
Other current liabilities		(7	)		(391	)
Deferred rent		352			(112	)
Deferred revenue		(418	)		1,690
Net cash used in operating activities		(38,795	)		(8,992	)
Investing Activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(2,323	)		(375	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(2,323	)		(375	)
Financing Activities:
Proceeds (repayments) of debt obligations		(5,022	)		5,022
Proceeds from Merger		132,926			—
Proceeds from PIPE investment		210,000			—
Repurchase of common stock		(45,000	)		—
Payment of transaction costs for the Merger		(16,043	)		—
Proceeds from exercise of Series D warrants		550			450
Proceeds from the exercise of common stock options		1,727			828
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards		—			(98	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		279,138			6,202
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		238,020			(3,165	)
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of year		58,715			59,768
End of period	$	296,735		$	56,603
Non cash financing and investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued expenses		152			—
Recognition of contingent earnout liability related to earnout shares		123,129			—
Recognition of one public warrant acquired as part of the Merger in additional paid in capital		9,729			—
Recognition of private placement warrant liability upon Merger		5,702			—
Exercise of common stock warrants, net of shares withheld for exercise		1,793			—
Conversion of convertible preferred stock into common stock upon reverse recapitalization		138,047			—
Note receivable for exercise of common stock options		—			(170	)


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒


	Convertible Preferred Stock						Common Stock					Additional Paid-in			Treasury Stock						Note		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount		Capital			Shares			Amount			Receivable		Deficit			(Deficit)			Total
December 31, 2020		107,592,801		$	137,497			39,510,108		$	4	$	5,538			483,479		$	(1,450	)	$	—	$	(79,564	)	$	(75,472	)	$	62,025
Exercise of common stock options		—			—			714,170			—		356			—			—			—		—			356			356
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			—			—		1,195			—			—			—		—			1,195			1,195
Exercise of Series D warrants		20,037			100			—			—		—			—			—			—		—			—			100
Net profit (loss) and comprehensive income (loss)		—			—			—			—		—			—			—			—		(10,020	)		(10,020	)		(10,020	)
March 31, 2021		107,612,838		$	137,597			40,224,277		$	4	$	7,089			483,479		$	(1,450	)	$	—	$	(89,584	)	$	(83,941	)	$	53,656
Exercise of common stock options		—			—			102,237			—		62			—			—			—		—		$	62		$	62
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			—			—		1,779			—			—			—		—			1,779			1,779
Exercise of Series D warrants		71,139			355			—			—		—			—			—			—		—			—			355
Exercise of common stock warrants, net of shares withheld for exercise		—			—			179,572			—		1,793			—			—			—		—			1,793			1,793
Net profit (loss) and comprehensive income (loss)		—			—			—			—		—			—			—			—		(11,089	)		(11,089	)		(11,089	)
June 30, 2021		107,683,977		$	137,952			40,506,086		$	4	$	10,723			483,479		$	(1,450	)	$	—	$	(100,673	)	$	(91,396	)	$	46,556
Exercise of common stock options		—			—			1,016,004			—		1,309			—			—			—		—			1,309			1,309
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			—			—		2,800			—			—			—		—			2,800			2,800
Exercise of Series D warrants		19,036			95			—			—		—			—			—			—		—			—			95
Conversion of convertible preferred stock into common stock upon reverse recapitalization		(107,703,013	)		(138,047	)		107,703,013			11		138,036			—			—			—		—			138,047			—
Retirement of Treasury Stock upon reverse recapitalization		—			—			(483,479	)		—		(1,450	)		(483,479	)		1,450			—		—			—			—
Repurchase of common stock upon reverse recapitalization		—			—			(4,499,998	)		—		(45,000	)		—			—			—		—			(45,000	)		(45,000	)
Issuance of common stock upon the reverse recapitalization, net of transaction costs		—			—			20,456,333			2		113,176			—			—			—		—			113,178			113,178
Issuance of common stock related to PIPE Investment		—			—			21,000,000			2		209,998			—			—			—		—			210,000			210,000
Recognition of derivative liability related to earnout		—			—			—			—		(123,129	)		—			—			—		—			(123,129	)		(123,129	)
Earnout stock-based compensation expense													5,621														5,621			5,621
Net profit (loss) and comprehensive income (loss)		—			—			—			—		—			—			—			—		21,703			21,703			21,703
September 30, 2021		—		$	—			185,697,959		$	19	$	312,084			—		$	—		$	—	$	(78,970	)	$	233,133		$	233,133


	Shares
Common stock of one, outstanding prior to Merger (1)		26,875,000
Less redemption of one Class A shares subject to possible redemption		(6,418,667	)
Common stock of one		20,456,333
Shares issued in PIPE		21,000,000
Merger and PIPE financing shares (2)		41,456,333
Legacy Markforged shares (3)		143,795,504
Total shares of common stock immediately after Merger		185,251,837
(1) Includes AONE Class A shareholders 15,081,333, and AONE Class B shareholders 5,375,000 (2) This includes 2,610,000 contingently forfeitable Sponsor Shares pending the occurrence of the Sponsor Earnout Triggering Event (3) The number of Legacy Markforged shares was determined from the 151,005,831 shares of Legacy Markforged common stock outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the Merger converted at the Exchange Ratio. All fractional shares were rounded down.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2021			2020			2021			2020
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,165		$	1,104		$	1,070		$	1,038
Additions		226			101			604			498
Write – offs		(248	)		(223	)		(312	)		(237	)
Recoveries		(180	)		(70	)		(399	)		(387	)
Balance at end of period	$	963		$	912		$	963		$	912


	Level 1	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
	Level 2	Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities
	Level 3	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities


	Fair Value Measurements
(in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
September 30, 2021
Money market funds included in cash and cash equivalents	$	297,080	$	—	$	—	$	297,080
Contingent earnout liability		—		—		80,419		80,419
Private placement warrant liability		—		—		4,284		4,284
December 31, 2020
Money market funds included in cash and cash equivalents	$	56,907	$	—	$	—	$	56,907
SVB warrant liability		—		—		545		545


	December 31, 2020
(in thousands, except for share counts)	Shares Authorized		Shares Issued and Outstanding		Issuance Price Per Share		Net Carrying Value		Liquidation Preference
Series Seed		18,233,848		17,062,642	$	0.0649	$	1,107	$	1,107
Series A		28,725,920		27,354,298		0.3107		8,437		8,500
Series B		34,391,480		32,749,335		0.4635		15,096		15,180
Series C		14,468,290		13,777,449		2.1775		29,881		30,000
Series D		17,599,646		16,649,077		4.9906		82,976		83,089
Total convertible preferred stock		113,419,184		107,592,801			$	137,497	$	137,876


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Common stock options outstanding and unvested RSU		20,411,434		18,493,013
Shares available for issuance under the 2021 plan		22,088,566		—
Shares available for issuance under the 2013 plan		—		4,427,323
Convertible preferred stock outstanding		—		107,592,801
Warrants to purchase Series D convertible preferred stock		—		110,211
Common stock warrants outstanding		8,525,000		180,928
Shares available for issuance as Earnout RSU		1,400,000		—
Employee stock purchase plan		4,700,000		—
Total shares of authorized common stock reserved for future issuance		57,125,000		130,804,276


	Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Exercise Price (Per Share)		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020		18,493,013		$	1.81		8.71
Granted		—			0.00
Exercised		(1,827,502	)		0.96
Forfeited		(286,059	)		1.56
Outstanding at September 30, 2021		16,379,452		$	1.91	8.17
Options exercisable at September 30, 2021		5,050,374		$	1.46	7.01


	Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value (Per Share)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020		—		$	—
Granted		3,900,074			9.54
Vested		—			—
Forfeited		(55,337	)		9.07
Unvested at September 30, 2021		3,844,737		$	9.54


	September 30,			July 14,
	2021			2021
Current stock price	$	6.56		$	8.97
Expected volatility		70.00	%		70.00	%
Risk-free interest rate		0.93	%		0.85	%
Dividend rate		0.00	%		0.00	%
Expected term (years)	4.79				5.00



	June 10, 2021			September 30, 2020
Expected (remaining) option term (in years)	3.69			4.39
Expected volatility%		65.0	%		55.0	%
Risk-free interest rate%		0.45	%		0.28	%
Expected dividend yield%		0	%		0	%
Fair value of common stock (per share)	$	9.51		$	2.07


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except weighted average)	2021		2020
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted	$	—	$	1.02
Intrinsic value of options exercised		16,496		3,158


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020
Expected option term (in years)	6.05
Expected volatility%		52.7	%
Risk-free interest rate%		1.24	%
Expected dividend yield%	0%
Fair value of common stock (per share)	$	1.02


	Triggering Event I Earnout Shares		Triggering Event II Earnout Shares
Derivative liability		7,118,479		5,932,054
Stock compensation		881,521		734,613
Total Earnout Shares		8,000,000		6,666,667


	September 30, 2021			July 14, 2021
Market price of public stock	$	6.56		$	8.97
Exercise price	$	11.50		$	11.50
Expected term (years)	4.79			5.01
Volatility		66.0	%		39.1	%
Risk-free interest rate		0.93	%		0.85	%
Dividend rate		0.0	%		0.0	%


	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except per share amounts)	2021		2020			2021		2020
Numerator:
Net profit (loss) and comprehensive income (loss)	$	21,703	$	(3,719	)	$	594	$	(14,653	)
Net profit (loss) attributable to common stockholders - Basic & Diluted		21,703		(3,719	)		594		(14,653	)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding - Basic		162,942,990		38,545,607			81,373,265		38,149,992
Add: Weighted average unvested options outstanding		4,148,330		-			4,033,901		-
Weighted average shares outstanding - Diluted		167,091,320		38,545,607			85,407,166		38,149,992
Net profit (loss) per common share:
Basic	$	0.13	$	(0.10	)	$	0.01	$	(0.38	)
Diluted		0.13		(0.10	)		0.01		(0.38	)


	Three and Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020
Convertible preferred stock		-		107,522,670
Unvested RSUs		3,844,737		-
Unvested awards		-		7,669,939
Warrants		8,525,000		180,928
Contingently issuable earnout shares		14,666,667		-
Total		27,036,404		115,373,537


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2021		2020		2021		2020
Americas	$	14,937	$	8,423	$	35,169	$	26,732
EMEA		5,118		4,680		17,804		13,069
APAC		3,990		2,536		11,611		7,713
Total	$	24,045	$	15,639	$	64,584	$	47,514


	Three Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2021			2020			$ Change			% Change
Revenue	$	24,045		$	15,639		$	8,406			54	%
Cost of revenue		10,330			6,319			4,011			63	%
Gross profit		13,715			9,320			4,395			47	%
Operating expense
Sales and marketing		10,399			4,982			5,417			109	%
Research and development		9,761			4,031			5,730			142	%
General and administrative		15,935			3,889			12,046			310	%
Total operating expense		36,095			12,902			23,194			180	%
Loss from operations		(22,380	)		(3,582	)		(18,799	)		525	%
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		1,418			(66	)		1,484			(2,248	)%
Change in fair value of contingent earnout liability		42,710			-			42,710
Other (expense) income, net		(48	)		(25	)		(23	)		92	%
Interest expense		(6	)		(23	)		17			(74	)%
Interest income		6			3			3			100	%
Profit (loss) before income taxes		21,700			(3,693	)		25,392			(688	)%
Income tax (benefit) expense		(3	)		26			(29	)		(112	)%
Net profit (loss) and comprehensive income (loss)	$	21,703		$	(3,719	)	$	25,421			(684	)%


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands)	2021		2020		$ Change		% Change
Hardware	$	17,469	$	11,044	$	6,425		58	%
Consumables		4,899		3,540		1,359		38	%
Services		1,677		1,055		622		59	%
Total Revenue	$	24,045	$	15,639	$	8,406		54	%


	Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands)	2021			2020			2021			2020
Net profit (loss) and comprehensive income (loss)	$	21,703		$	(3,719	)	$	594		$	(14,653	)
Interest income		(6	)		(3	)		(9	)		(146	)
Interest expense		6			23			15			51
Income tax expense		(3	)		26			(1	)		113
Depreciation and amortization		429			455			1,269			1,361
EBITDA	$	22,129		$	(3,218	)	$	1,868		$	(13,274	)
Stock compensation expense		8,421			521			11,395			1,528
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		(1,418	)		66			(170	)		79
Change in fair value of contingent earnout liability		(42,710	)		-			(42,710	)		-
Transaction costs expensed		1,996			-			1,996			-
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(11,582	)	$	(2,631	)	$	(27,621	)	$	(11,667	)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
(dollars in thousands)	2021			2020			$			%
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(38,795	)	$	(8,992	)	$	(29,803	)		331	%
Net cash used in investing activities		(2,323	)		(375	)		(1,948	)		519	%
Net cash provided by financing activities		279,138			6,202			272,936			4401	%
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	$	238,020		$	(3,165	)	$	241,185			(7620	)%


Exhibit Number	Description

3.1	Certificate of Incorporation of Markforged Holding Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Markforged Holding Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 20, 2021).

3.2	Bylaws of Markforged Holding Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Markforged Holding Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 20, 2021).

10.1#	Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Markforged Holding Corporation's Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 20, 2021).

10.2	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July 14, 2021, by and among Markforged Holding Corporation, A-star, certain affiliates of A-star and certain former stockholders of MarkForged, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Markforged Holding Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 20, 2021).

10.3**#	2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan of Markforged Holding Corporation and forms of agreement thereunder.

10.4	Lock-up Agreement, dated as of July 14, 2021, by and between Markforged Holding Corporation, Inc. and the undersigned parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Markforged Holding Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 20, 2021).

10.5#	Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (incorporated by referenced to Exhibit 10.9 to Markforged Holding Corporation's Current Report on From 8-K filed July 20, 2021).

10.6#	2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by referenced to Exhibit 10.10 to Markforged Holding Corporation's Current Report on From 8-K filed July 20, 2021).

10.7#	Senior Executive Cash Incentive Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Markforged Holding Corporation’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 20, 2021).

31.1**	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2**	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS**	Inline XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE**	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104**	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)



	Markforged Holding Corporation

Date: November 15, 2021	By:	/s/ Shai Terem
		Shai Terem
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November 15, 2021	By:	/s/ Mark Schwartz
		Mark Schwartz
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)